Of mice and men :: English Literature

Of mice and men===============Of mice and men is a very touching film of hopes dreams andfriendship. Adapted from the novel by John Steinbeck. The film isabout 2 friends, Lennie and George, with a dream of great times withtheir own land and house. But there is a another story intertwinedwith theirs, about what people think of women. The two storiestogether entrust hold you in an array of emotions from joy to sorrow, andpride to guilt. This film if full of brilliant acting and meaningfuluses of light and props. Of the two stories we allow look at the oneabout women.We open the film with a man sitting in the shadows. Little light iscoming in by means of the slits in the wood he is leaning on. He looksdepressed and upset and bows his head as if hes trying to recall hismemories of what went wrong to lead to this depression. And then we ar suddenly in a field with early evening light filling a beautifullandscape, the main focus of our attention is of the woman cartroadacross the pic ture, shes white with brown hair wearing a tear reddress. As she runs we can see shes trying to run away variant somethingor somebody, shes crying and the only sound we hear is her distressedbreathing like she wants to cry but is holding the tears back. Shelooks like she has been attacked, although the dress is torn we onlysee a petty coat and not any flesh so this suggests that it might not hold up been sexual. But we cant really register for sure. The red dressrepresents passion so this says it could be sexual. We the see the twomain characters running so we now think that they are connected tothis. We never see this woman again in the whole of the story.The next woman we find is first only known as Curlys wife. Shefirst comes into the story when she enters the bunkhouse where Lennieand George have only just arrived and are unpacking. Shes wearing aflowery dress which could be seen as innocent as it is cool coloursand doesnt reveal more of her figure. Her hair is also in a ver yfeminine style again to show innocence.Im looking for curly she says, almost as if she needs an allay forbeing there. But also at the same time using it in an almost flirtysort of way trying to see how the new boys will react.He was in here a minute ago, but he left George replies cutting off

Affirmative Action Essay -- Discrimination Race Racism Essays

approving ActionBecause economic, social, grammatical gender and racial in tallyities exist in spite of appearance the American population, it is in the best interest of its people and disposal to take action to amend these problems. Since the U.S has a capitalistic base economy, there is little that the government can do to completely end all inequalities. However, it can try to remedy racial and gender discrimination. The most living and supported program is affirmatory Action, which has many key issues does the government stool the right to enforce reverse discrimination or is it right to take move or gender into cast for purposes of diversity and equality when evaluating college or job applications?The United States has a history of treating minorities, women and immigrants like 2nd-class citizens while favoring affluent white males (Schrag). In 1857, the Scott vs. Sanford decision stated that blacks have no rights which the white man is bound to respect (Davis). However , changes were made in the legal treatment of women and minorities with the 1866 Civil Rights Act that guaranteed any citizen the same right to rack up and enforce contractsas enjoyed by white citizens (Sykes) and the 14th Amendment, which grants citizenship to everyone born in the US, forbids states from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law, and guarantees equal protection under the laws (DCLU). despite such legislation, a major setback took place in the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson court decision upholding that separate but equal accommodations were total (DCLU). Because of this forced inequality, many ethnicities were unplowed out of upper levels of American businesses and educational institutions (Hudson). The mid-20th cent... ...parently credibleThe Hopwood Aftermath. University of Texas. 1 May 1997. . open-ended print via internet reputableWydick, Bruce. Affirmative Action in college admissions Examining ram market effects of four alternative polici es. Contemporary Economic Policy. 20.1 (Jan 2003) 12-25. primary scholarly print via internet reputableUS Census Bureau. Poverty order by Race and Hispanic Origin 2001 and 2002. unrestricted print via internet reputableUS Census Bureau. Table 1 Income in the United States 2002 pg. 3. unrestricted print via internet reputableUS Census Bureau. Table 2 Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex, 1983 and 2002 annual averages. unrestricted print via internet reputable Affirmative Action Essay -- Discrimination Race Racism EssaysAffirmative ActionBecause economic, social, gender and racial inequalities exist within the American population, it is in the best interest of its people and government to take action to amend these problems. Since the U.S has a capitalistic based economy, there is little that the government can do to completely end all inequalities. However, it can try to remedy racial and gender discrimination. The m ost realistic and supported program is Affirmative Action, which has many key issues does the government have the right to enforce reverse discrimination or is it right to take race or gender into account for purposes of diversity and equality when evaluating college or job applications?The United States has a history of treating minorities, women and immigrants like 2nd-class citizens while favoring affluent white males (Schrag). In 1857, the Scott vs. Sanford decision stated that blacks have no rights which the white man is bound to respect (Davis). However, changes were made in the legal treatment of women and minorities with the 1866 Civil Rights Act that guaranteed every citizen the same right to make and enforce contractsas enjoyed by white citizens (Sykes) and the 14th Amendment, which grants citizenship to everyone born in the US, forbids states from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law, and guarantees equal protection under the laws (DCLU). Despite such legislation, a major setback took place in the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson court decision upholding that separate but equal accommodations were constitutional (DCLU). Because of this forced inequality, many ethnicities were kept out of upper levels of American businesses and educational institutions (Hudson). The mid-20th cent... ...parently credibleThe Hopwood Aftermath. University of Texas. 1 May 1997. . unrestricted print via internet reputableWydick, Bruce. Affirmative Action in college admissions Examining labor market effects of four alternative policies. Contemporary Economic Policy. 20.1 (Jan 2003) 12-25. primary scholarly print via internet reputableUS Census Bureau. Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin 2001 and 2002. unrestricted print via internet reputableUS Census Bureau. Table 1 Income in the United States 2002 pg. 3. unrestricted print via internet reputableUS Census Bureau. Table 2 Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupatio n and sex, 1983 and 2002 annual averages. unrestricted print via internet reputable

Attack on Poland :: World War II History

Attack on PolandAt daybreak on the runner day of September, 1939, the residents of Poland awakened to grave news. A juggernaut force of tanks, guns, and countless grey-clad soldiers from nearby Ger legion(predicate) had torn across the countryside and were making a total invasion of the Poles homelands. Germanys actions on that fateful morning ignited a conflict that would spread like a wildfire, engulfing the entire globe in a great world war. This scenario is many peoples conception of how World War II came ab start. In reality, the whole story is off the beaten track(predicate) more detailed and complex. The origins of war can be traced as far back as the end of the first World War in 1919, when the Treaty of Versailles placed responsibility for that terrible war squarely on Germany. course of instructions later, in the Far easterly, Japanese ambition for territory led the nation to invade Manchuria and other parts of nearby China, causing hostilities to flare in the peaceabl e Rim. Great Britain, the United States, and many other nations of the world would all be drawn into battle in the years to come, and each nation had its own causa for lending a hand in the struggle.Although Germany was the major player in World War II, the seeds of war had already been planted in the Far East years before conflict in Europe. On September 18, 1931, the powerful Japanese military forces began an invasion of the region known as Manchuria, an area be to mainland China. This action broke non-aggression treaties that had been signed earlier. It also was carried out by Japanese generals without the consent of the Japanese government. In spite of this, no one was ever penalize for the actions. Soon after the assault on China, the Japanese government decided it had no choice but to support the occupation of Manchuria. By the next year the region had been completely cut off from China (Ienaga 60-64). Because of the Japanese offensive in China, the League of Nations held a vote in October to force Japan out of the captured territory. The vote was passed, 13 to 1, but Japan remained in control of Manchuria. A second vote, taken in February, 1933, a formal disapproval of the Japanese occupation, was passed 42 to 1. Instead of expelling Japan from the area of Manchuria, it caused the nation to formally withdraw its membership in the League of Nations the next month (Ienaga 66).

Culture and the Advancement of Technology :: Technological Cultures Essays

Culture and the Advancement of Technology Once humans became settled into their environment and managed to manipulate agri refining until they were adapted to sustain their population, they were able to spend more cartridge holder focusing on enhancing the primitive technologies that had already been developed, as well as begin to search for answers astir(predicate) things that were not understood. Thus came the development of religion and engineering. The more developed culture became the more answers and technologies it demanded. Essentially, with human development, culture became the modus operandi for the advancement of technology. Easter Island is a very beautiful island off the coast of South America. (Ponting) Although Easter Island has few permanent residents today, it is the graveyard of one of the worlds greatest early civilizations. The island is small enough that you could walk around the integral thing in just one day. There are no permanent freshwater sources and t he soil is not accommodating to agriculture. When settlers from Mesoamerica arrived at the island in the fifth part century there were no other mammals on the island. The population peaked at about 7,000 and was mainly supported on the chickens that the settlers had brought with them and an abundance of harvested sweet potatoes (Ponting). Because the harvest-time of sweet potatoes requires so little care, the islanders were left with a considerable amount of idle time. In this time they developed one of the most advanced civilizations of the time period. Large stone sculptures and wide disc-like platforms (ahu) are relics of this ancient culture. (Ponting) The large sculptures are artistically crafted and required a great deal of technological skill and understanding. Additionally, the sculptures were then placed on the ahus, which was no small task considering that they were twenty feet in length, weighed several tons, and had to be transported all the way across the island. The people of Easter Island intelligibly had a developed understanding of astronomy and the cosmos as well each of the ahu are astronomically aligned towards a solstice or equinox. All of this was mastered in the name of religion, to fulfill a complex system of beliefs. Unfortunately, the people of Easter Island died because they hit a wall, running out of natural resources. Because of militant people, they were unable to create a tech fix to transport them selves off the island. Still, Easter Island is a good example of the way idleness of time leads to culture which demands technology (Ponting).

Icarus and the Myth of Deconstruction :: Essays Papers

Icarus and the Myth of DeconstructionIn all three texts, it is the act of abstract which seems to occupy the center of the discursive stage, and the act of analysis of the act of analysis which in some way disrupts that centrality. In the resulting asymmetrical, abyssal structure, no analysis -- including this one -- can intervene without transforming and repeating other elements in the sequence, which is not a stable sequence. Barbara JohnsonThe Frame of ReferenceThe Critical Difference 1. Introduction Among its detractors, literary theory has a reputation for sinful ignorance of both literary productions and the outside world literary critics either overemphasize the word at the expense of context (as in formalistic criticisms) or overemphasize context at the expense of the word (as in political and historical criticisms). However, deconstruction holds a particularly tenuous position among literary theories as a school that ostensibly commits both sins while formalistically f ocusing on the words on the page, deconstruction subjects those words to unnatural abuse. Thus, deconstruction seems locked in the ivory tower, in the company of balky New-Critical neighbors. Such charges have received insufficient response from deconstructions top theorists who, though they define and redefine the basic tenets of their approach, fail to justify such an approach in the world. They have explained their purpose, but not their motivation. With this desperate need in mind, then, embarking on any new piece of deconstruction poses a twofold demand to not only seek to unfold new facets of a text (or texts) through a deconstructive lens, but to aim that lens outside of literature and show its implications in society, away from any ivory tower. Ovid, Pieter Brueghel and W. H. Auden have (inadvertently) created a lineage convenient to these demands. In Ovids myth Concerning the Fall of Icarus from Metamorphosesi, he created a character that has become an icon, some(pren ominal) millennia later. Pieter Brueghel adopted the icon in the sixteenth century for his painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, which then received famous treatment in the twentieth century by W. H. Auden in his poem Muse Des Beaux Arts. These three works provide a beautiful, laboratory-quality arena in which to apply various deconstructive ideas Jacques Derridas theories of shift and the dangerous supplement and Roland Barthes conception of the myth as language. However, such an inheritance necessarily extends to include the critical work that draws it together.

Icarus and the Myth of Deconstruction :: Essays Papers

Icarus and the Myth of DeconstructionIn all three texts, it is the puzzle out of analysis which seems to occupy the center of the discursive stage, and the act of analysis of the act of analysis which in some way disrupts that centrality. In the resulting asymmetrical, abyssal structure, no analysis -- including this one -- can intervene without transforming and repeating other(a) elements in the sequence, which is not a stable sequence. Barbara JohnsonThe Frame of ReferenceThe Critical Difference 1. Introduction Among its detractors, literary theory has a reputation for sinful ignorance of both literature and the outside world literary critics either overemphasize the word at the expense of condition (as in formalistic criticisms) or overemphasize context at the expense of the word (as in political and historical criticisms). However, deconstruction holds a particularly tenuous position among literary theories as a tutor that apparently commits both sins while formalistically focusing on the words on the page, deconstruction subjects those words to unnatural abuse. Thus, deconstruction seems locked in the ivory tower, in the caller-up of resentful New-Critical neighbors. Such charges have received insufficient response from deconstructions top theorists who, though they define and redefine the basic tenets of their onward motion, fail to justify such an approach in the world. They have explained their purpose, but not their motivation. With this desperate need in mind, then, embarking on any new piece of deconstruction poses a twofold admit to not only seek to unfold new facets of a text (or texts) through a deconstructive lens, but to aim that lens outside of literature and come out its implications in society, away from any ivory tower. Ovid, Pieter Brueghel and W. H. Auden have (inadvertently) created a lineage convenient to these demands. In Ovids myth Concerning the Fall of Icarus from Metamorphosesi, he created a character that has run lo w an icon, several millennia later. Pieter Brueghel adopted the icon in the sixteenth century for his painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, which then received famous treatment in the ordinal century by W. H. Auden in his poem Muse Des Beaux Arts. These three works provide a beautiful, laboratory-quality arena in which to apply versatile deconstructive ideas Jacques Derridas theories of translation and the dangerous supplement and Roland Barthes conception of the myth as language. However, such an inheritance necessarily extends to include the critical work that draws it together.

IMpact of industrialisation in indias economy Essay

industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of an underdevelop country. The historical facts reveal that all the developed countries of the world broke the vicious circle of underdevelopment by industrialization. Pakistan being a developing country also wants to reach higher standard of living for its masses. It has so, embarked upon various programmers of industrialization. The policies of privatization, deregulation and liberalization of the economy are being pursued. The role of industrialization in economic development is summed up as under.1. Increase in areaal income.Industrialization makes possible the optimum utilization of the scarce resources of the country. It helps in increase the quantity and quality of various kinds of fabricate goods and thereby make a larger contribution to gross national product. (GNP).2. Higher standard of living.Industrialization helps in increasing the value of output per worker. The income of the tote due to higher pro ductivity increases. The rise in income raises the living standard of the people.3. Economic stability.Industrialization is the best way of providing economic stability to the country. A nation which depends upon the production and export of stinging material alone cannot achieve a rapid rate of economic growth. The uncertainties of Nature, the restricted and fluctuating demand of the agricultural raw material hampers economic progress and leads to an unstable economy.4. Improvement in balance of payments.Industrialization brings structural changes in the pattern of foreign trade of the country. It helps in increasing the export of construct goods and thus earn foreign exchange. On the other hand the processing of raw material at home curtails the import of goods and thereby helps in conserving foreign exchange. The export orientation and import substitution effects of industrialization help in the improvement of balance of payments. In Pakistan, the exports of semi manufactured and manufactured goods showed favorable trend.5. Stimulates progress in other heavenss.Industrialization stimulates progress in other sectors of the economy. A developments of one industry leads to the development and refinement of other industries. For instance the construction of a transistor radio plant, develops the small battery industry (backward linkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of production ice cream. strobile cream plants etc.. (forward linkage).6. Increased employment opportunities.Industrialization provides increased employment opportunities in small and large scale industries. In an agrarian economy, industry absorbs underemployed and sluggish workers of agricultural sector and thereby increases the income of the community.7. Promotes specialization.Industrialization promotes specialization of labour. The division of work increases the marginal value product of labour. The income of worker in the industrial sector is therefore hig her than that of a worker in agricultural sector.8. Rise in agricultural production.Industrialization provides machinery like tractors thrashers harvesters, bulldozers, transport, aerial spray etc, to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modern inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country.9. Easy to look industrial activity.The industrial activity compared to agricultural is easy to control. The industrial production can be expanded or cut down according to the determine cost and demand of the product.10. Large scope for technological progress.Industrialization provides larger scope for on the job training and technological progress. The use of advanced engineering increases the scale of production, avoids cost of production, improves quality of the product and helps in widening of the market.11. Reduction in the rate of population growth.Industrialization leads to migration of surplus labour from farm sector tothe industries mostly situated in urban centers. In cities improved facilities of sanitation and health care are available. People through the adoption of family planning measures, reduce the rate of population growth.12. Increased saving and investment.Industrialization increases the income of the workers. It enhances their capacity to save. The voluntary savings, stimulate industrial growth and by cumulative effect lead to pull ahead expansion of industry.13. Provision for defense.If a country is industrialized, it can manufacture arms and ammunition necessary for the defense of the country. A nation which depends on other countries for the provision of ammunition will eventually suffer and may face defeat. The two wars with India should be an eye opener for Pakistan.14. Lesser pressure on land.The establishment and expansion of industries lessens the excessive pressure of labour force from the agriculture sector.15. Development of markets.With the development of industries the market for raw materials and finished goods widens in the country. 16. Increase in the Government revenue.Industrialization increase the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The export of goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other tax incomees levied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the State. The income tax received from the industrialists adds to the revenue stream of the Government which eventually is spent for the welfare of the people as a whole.

Hospitals and Long-Term Care Facilities Essay

AbstractHospitals can be set up as nonprofit or for-profit facilities. The differences between the nonprofit and for profit hospitals entrust be discussed. Hospitals withdraw experienced different trends in the last thirty years. This paper will identify at least three major trends that direct occurred in spite of appearance the hospital sector. Three examples that describe and differentiate the roles of hospitals and nursing kinsfolks atomic number 18 providing long-term care. The conclusion of this paper will be a brief critiquing of the current kingdom of long-term care policy in the join States.Hospitals and Long-Term Care FacilitiesThe differences between nonprofit and for-profit hospitals A characteristic as stated by Williams and Torrens (2008) of nonprofit hospitals is that these hospitals do not function downstairs the realm of regular corporate law scarce under a special provision of the corporate law in each state. It is also noted that nonprofit hospitals also f unction under special federal and state tax alimentation because of recognition of their participation service function. Other characteristics of nonprofit hospitals are they do not have owners and their governing body is a society based board that has complete authority over operations. Nonprofit hospitals, in general, are not required to pay most of the taxes at federal, state and local levels. Under section 501C (3) of the federal tax code, the non-profits are exempt. Due to this exemption status donations made by individuals are tax deductible. Nonprofit entities are not only expected to care for the destitute and poor but they are also expected to give a variety of services to the community (Williams & Torrens, 2008).Now that the characteristics of the non-profit have been outlined the for-profit entities make-up will be discussed. For profit entities, unlike nonprofit ones, have owners. The owners are issued stocks and these stocks reflect the owners paleness position. F or- profitentities, including hospitals, may be publicly or privately held (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 186). Stocks for entities for-profit that are publicly held are made available for anyone to purchase. Publicly held for-profit entities are plagued with various obligation and regulation rules that are supervised by the Securities and Exchange Commission at both federal and state level. Williams and Torrens (2008) state that privately held for-profit entities issue stock but the difference in public versus private issuing of stock is that the private for-profit stock is not available for purchase by the general public. For-profit hospitals, in the past, have been owned by the physicians who work in them but due to the astronomical costs of such expenditures as building, maintaining and operating a hospital in at onces market the trend of physician owned for-profit hospitals is almost extinct. The majority of for-profit hospitals in the United States are part of a large multihos pital chain.The multi chains of hospitals as stated by Williams & Torrens (2008) are publicly traded. For-profit hospitals do not serve only the community but they are also expected to operate at a profit so that the equity investors receive a return on their capital (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Three major trends that have occurred within the hospital sector. star of three major trends that have occurred within the hospital sector is the sum up in specialty hospitals. The specialty hospitals focus on such areas as crab louse and heart disease as well as profitable fields like orthopedic surgery. The specialty hospitals as stated by Williams & Torrens (2008) show an increase of being owned partially by the physicians who practice in them. Some would make the argument that the specialty hospitals provide the best care while another(prenominal)s come over these hospitals as entities that siphon off insured and relatively healthier patients leaving the less profitable and more com plicated cases to community general hospitals (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 194).Concerns raised by the physicians ownership of the specialty hospitals include but not limited to are that the financial incentives will affect the cut acrossment decisions (i.e. diagnostic services) and also that the physicians will treat the less complicated but yet more profitable health care cases and leave the biggest burden of caring for the less fortunate, financially challenged and uninsured individuals to the community and public hospitals (Williams & Torrens, 2008) Another trend that has occurred within the hospital sectoris in the field of applied science. Technology has shaped the physical and operational structures of hospitals, has affected the screws of patients and families, and has provided a rescue vehicle for physicians in clinical practice (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 195). It is technological research that allows for the services hospitals provide for example anesthesia and ant isepsis laid the ground work for working(a) care and imaging technology has impacted effective intervention for individuals seeking care in a hospital atmosphere. Technology has affected a colossal array of individuals obstetric patients, those in need of pediatric care and terminally ill patients just to name a few.Advanced technology has led to developing change magnitude specialization, clinical practices, expansion of specialized services, new medical and surgical specialties, and treatments for many diseases for which little curative or other care could be provided (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 195). sequence continued advance technology leads toward continuous improved health care it also brings along with it problems, especially for the hospitals. The hospitals are immensely gratified by the increased technology and its application to improve overall general health but along with the benefits comes complications. Hospitals are expected to provide the most up to date tech nology but at the most effective pricing to please their customers, patients and physicians. This presents a major challenge to hospitals (Williams & Torrens, 2008) Academic medical centers are another trend that has occurred within the hospital sector. Academic medical centers are composed of medical schools and their primary teaching hospitals. The academic medical centers provide tertiary, secondary, and primary care but have a principal focus on biomedical research, teaching of medical residents and medical students, and often an array of other professional training, research, and services activities (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 196).Unlike other hospitals, the academic medical center does not have top priorities of financial efficiency and customer satisfaction. Great demands are placed on these facilities by physicians and researchers to provide the latest technology and staffing for the assurance of teaching and clinical investigation. According to Williams and Torrens (2008 ) the long-term strengths and successes of our health care systems depends largely on the success of the academic medical centers to achieve their mission. Three examples that describe and differentiate the roles of hospitals and nursinghomes in providing long term care. The nursing home facility is for patients who need extended care because they are very cast or unable to function without continued nursing and supportive services in a formal health care facility. These patients are sick and/or are in need of assistance but they are not ill enough that they require the intense treatment and care offered at a hospital. According to Williams and Torrens (2008) about forty-seven percent of all nursing home facility care is paid for by Medicaid and residents and their families pay approximately one-third of the cost for the facility services. In recent years the length of fourth dimension one stays at a nursing home has greatly decreased. until now with the decrease in stay there is still a fifty percent chance of an individual in his/her lifetime having to spend some time in a nursing facility. Both of these previous mentioned trends is reflective of the nursing facilities moving toward becoming more technologically sophisticated as well as being able to function as more of a short term temporary residence for patients in between the hospital and going home (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Hospitals are designed to take care of the more acute problems and emergencies. Hospitals provide a wide array of outpatient services. The outpatient services range from rehabilitation to mental health counseling to outpatient surgery (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 205). Unlike the nursing home facility the primary source of payment for hospital stay and services is Medicare and private insurance and very little payment comes from individuals. The current state of long-term care policy in the United States.Medicare provides financing for medical care for nearly all elderly Am ericans and others with certain disabilities but this does not hold true for long-term care. The majority of individuals needing long term must depend on family and friends and sometimes the community they live in. There is a lot of work to be done in the United States as it relates to the financing of long term care for every broken individual (Williams & Torrens, 2008). There is no clear and precise policy in the United States for long-term care but there are different provisions within Medicare and Medicaid that provide for long-term services for some (not all) individuals in need of it. While the financing of long-term care has been and continues to be a challenge for the United States there have been strives in the care coordination of long-term patients.The care coordination that has emerged through the years for longterm care patients appears to be relatively effective. Quality is intensify when information is communicated among all the professionals caring for a person, an d efficiencies are achieved when duplication of services is avoided (Williams & Torrens, 2008, p. 211). lesson management, which is a process that encompasses the following case identification, assessment, care planning, service arrangement, monitor and reassessment enables one professional individual to work with the family to coordinate and obtain all of the services that the long term care patient may need. Case management has proven to have one of the most positive effects of improving long-term care (Williams & Torrens, 2008).ReferencesWilliams, S. J., & Torrens, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Introduction to health services 2010 custom magnetic declination (7th ed.). New York Cengage Delmar Learning.

Technique of Indirect Characterization in “The Great Gatsby”

There is no single work of literature in the world, where a full, completed characterization of a person would be, no matter if he/she is the main(prenominal) character, or does not play any role in the novel at all. The main idea is to develop an image of a character through actions of others, and as it gets more complicated, the greater novel becomes. In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby the author uses the technique of indirect characterization to make the reader feel the atmosphere of the society of the nineteen-twenties by analyzing its behavior.Gatsby, the true representative of all the greatness, richness, and beautifulness of the period, plays the main role in the novel by be the most mysterious and fabulous person. This is the reason why everyone talks about him and creates various rumors about his questionable life. Nick and Jordan also play important roles. Their main job is to transmit the Gatsbys character. During their first meeting they mentioned Gatsbys name only once, but accordingly it became usual and kept being talked about.When they first kissed, Jordan had already told Nick about Gatsbys love to Daisy. These discussions tied them together. And as the relationship between Nick and Jordan becomes closer, more information the reader gets from the novel. There is another situation when Nick finds out some negative characteristics of Jordan, such as carelessness, the unsuccessful time period of Gatsbys life becomes being known by Nick, and so, by the reader.Nicks company makes Gatsby feel more comfortable and opened. He is not afraid of being trustful with him, because recognizes an unaffected person in Nick, it reminds Gatsby of himself. Nick, in his turn, finds out some characteristics of Gatsby, and creates an image of a swift, strong, and sometimes embarrassed man. The idea of manipulating characters in order to notice someone in a novel makes the reader think on the work, try to reorganize thoughts, and complete the image of the character .

Csr of Mnc

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION1 UNILEVER2 PHILANTHROPY DETAILS2 CSR IN line of reasoning PROCESS3 DEALING WITH SUPPLIERS3 CONTRIBUTING TO THE COMMUNITY4 REDUCTION IN apoplexy RATE4 SOURCING OF RAW MATERIAL4 SIGNATORY ISSUES5 AWARDS5 UNILEVER IN INDIA5 PROJECT SHAKTI5 SANJIVINI6 PROCTER & GAMBLE6 PHILANTHROPY DETAILS7 CSR IN BUSINESS PROCESS8 CSR COMPANY POLICIES9 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (FMCG)10 CITIGROUP INC. 11 PHILANTHROPY DETAILS11 FINANCIAL LITERACY11 Micro pay12 confederacy Relations12 excogitatet-a-Tree initiative12 CSR IN BUSINESS PROCESS12 Diversity12 Technology13 humour Change13 Environment and Social Risk Management Policy (ESRM)14 SIGNATORY INITIATIVES14 HSBC15 CSR AT HSBC15 GLOBAL EDUCATION PROGRAMMES16 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (BANKING)18 VODAFONE19 CSR IN BUSINESS PROCESS19 COMPLIANCE WITH GRI GUIDELINES22 CONCLUSION23 REFERENCES24 Introduction Within the world of stage business, the main province for corporations has historic eachy been to make money and increase sh arholder grade. Although for decades, business has in like behavior been engaged in charity, philanthropy, and civic activities including hearty set upments in wellness.Many times these investments were less than strategic, and were not directed to real kindly change. Is then Corporate social responsibility set trees in some vague corner of the world or supporting a certain ca riding habit? Today, business understands doing well by doing untroubled, In the finale a couple of(prenominal) yrs, a run lowment defining broader incorporated responsibilities for the environment, for local communities, for working conditions, and for ethical institutionalizeshas gathered momentum and acknowledgen hold. The era of new corporate responsibilities fork out emerged.Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is about how businesses align their look upons and behavior with the seeations and needs of stakeholders not just customers and investors, all also employees, suppliers, communities , regulators, special interest groups and hunting lodge as a whole. CSR demands that businesses sway the economic, social and environmental impacts of their trading operations to maximize the benefits and minimize the downsides. CSR is not only about processing a duty to society it should also bring competitive advantage. finished an effective CSR platformme, companies loafer make better ingress to capital sharpen decision-making and strike down risk enhance brand image bring out previously hidden commercial opportunities, including new markets mortify costs attract, retain and motivate employees But in India most of the CSR Activities be philanthropic in nature, but orbicularly it forms only a small percentage of total CSR. What if Indian companies also started feeling at CSR as more than money donations and can we touch them. this where CSRidentity is positioning itself. CSRIdentity is a resource that can be workd to teach managers and to-be-managers about the re al CSR take into account a tool/resource/database for CSR depts to refer to for CSR activities play up good CSR practices from cos. to motivate them use this to motivate Indian cos to match global standards CSRidentity. com Services a. Project identity for the corporate b. Project identity for the brands c. nong everywherenmental organization Research d. CSR Research The first occasion of CSRidentity. com is to trope capacity of the corporates on CSR. And the siemens office is to inspection and repair corporates project their identity. The portal takes the mode of information, research, analysis, views and interviews.It invites thought leading to share a path which can be followed by others, share conceptions in business, and share what went wrong. And age doing this, it will determine that corporates think of the huger purpose than being myopic money makers. CSRidentity. com has rich information on CSR in philanthropy, CSR in business operatees, CSR policies, Global tr ends in CSR It plan to share CSR movement studies of all the global fortune 500 companies, leading 200 Indian companies & SMEs, and leading companies in about 20 countries. Each case study offers great skill and replication potential.Unilever Unilever is a stack 500 conjunction and a global attraction in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) category. As Unilever intersection points touch a extensive number of consumers world big every day, the startnership believes it has an opportunity to impact some(prenominal) lives through its CSR program. Globally Unilever lays more emphasis on CSR in the true mavin i. e. a reduced emphasis on philanthropy. To ensure this, all brand managers in Unilever constantly work towards initiating CSR first steps for their brand to reduce the impact of its brands on the environment. delegacy Unilevers mission is to add Vitality to life. To meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. To understand the vast program, it has been categorised into sub categories which include initiatives in philanthropy, Business Processes, Impact on Environment, Company Policies and signatory Issues. Philanthropy elaborate Food Donation In 2005, nearly cardinal billion pounds of pabulum and grocery outputs were provided through the Second Harvest mesh.Available through food pantries, soup kitchens, emergency shelters and other distributions centres, the foods helped over 25 one thousand thousand Americans stave off the risk of hunger. Nine meg of these were children. Unilevers product donations make up 7. 6 one thousand one thousand thousand pounds of the charitys total food basket a threefold increase on our previous years donation. In total, Unilever US gives away products worth around $12. 5 one thousand million every year, around 70% of which goes to the Second Harvests hunger-relief work. Donations during Natural Disasters Katrin a and RitaUnilever donated $1 million to relief efforts following the hurricanes divided equally amidst the American red Cross and the Salvation Army. Employees also dug deep, contributing over $600,000 as part of a matching-gift programme. Conservation of National Parks In whitethorn 2008, Unilever contributed grants of over $240,000 to 12 national parks across the United States in an effort to aid wild life preservation. Orphaned and Abused barbarian Welfare Unilever donated an industrial wash drawing machine to the Durbans Children Society which is a care centre for children in the age group of 8-18 years and stimulate been orphaned, abused or neglected.The washing machine helps fulfil the cleaning needs for over 60 children in the society on a daily basis. Child Education Unilever donated $1 million for the Families of Freedom Scholarship fund a fund initiated to assist the bringing up of children who lost parents to the family line 11 attacks. CSR in Business Process Nu trition apprise in Food Products Unilever initiated the Nutritional Enhancement Programme to modify the nutritional grapheme of food and beverage products by assessing the level of four nutrients (based on external guidelines) Saturated Fats, Trans Fats, Salt and Sugar.The move has resulted in several changes in products like lessening of 20% added sugar in brands for children such as twister Reduction in salt levels in soup products from European markets by 10% Breyers Ice cream launched a fat free range in uniting America with 50% less saturated fats Initiating Hygiene Unilever believes in developing products that would deliver benefits to people and make a difference to their health while promoting surpass practices for hygiene by quislinging with local, government and international bodies.Behaviour change is a high priority on Unilevers campingaign and includes The Global Handwashing Day sweat by Lifebuoy, Safe Drinking water Pureit, Improving Oral Health Care Peps odent and Close Up, Enhancing Self Esteem and Better Skin Dove and Vaseline. stoop on Consumers Includes inculcating best practices among consumers (Hygiene Campaign), Promoting outdoor learning and development in children (Dirt is Good Campaign), breaking stereotypes (Doves Real Beauty Campaign) Dealing with EmployeesThe company lays emphasis on certain key states of employees such as Leadership Development, Health and Safety of Employees, People Vitality, Global Diversity, Continued focus on Gender, Diversity Planning and listening to employees. Dealing with Suppliers The expectations of Unilevers suppliers are codified in the Business Partner Code. It specifies guidelines which suppliers must follow in order to continue business with Unilever which include health and safety of workers, labour standards, consumer safety and impact on the environment. Unilever also conducts a Supplier Audit Programme to identify areas of improvement and non compliance.Contributing to the Commun ity Unilever measures its plowshare to the community using the London Benchmarking assemblage model. In 2008 a total of 91 million Euros was contributed to commercial initiatives in the community (27%), social investment (35%) and philanthropic donations (38%) with the greatest emphasis on health (52%) and Educations (13%). Reduction in accident rate Unilever has continuously strived to reduce the accident rate at its production centres. It has succeeded in reducing the accident rate from 0. 26 to 0. 21 per one C,000 hours worked over one year. CSR in Company Policies advertising The company indemnity re stringents marketers from using size zipper models in any of the ad rivulets of Unilever. Sourcing of Raw Material Unilever has decided to purchase all palm oil from assured followable sources only, in this regard it has already purchased the first batch in November 2008. It has also decided to procure tea for Lipton bags only from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms by 201 5. Choice of Suppliers Unilever has a strict expectations manual which their suppliers are expected to adhere to, if they wish to continue business with Unilever.The company has identified eleven parameters for the suppliers to adhere under the sustainable agriculture policy. already a third of the suppliers have registered with the electronic system to adhere to the norms. carbon dioxide Emission control The company has targeted to reduce emission by 25% measurable per tonne from production plan by 2012. peeing Conservation The company has also committed to reduce water usage in the production process, during the years 1995-08 the company has reduced water consumption by 63%. It has also introduced product variants like Surf in India which equired less water to wash array to conserve water. premature ventricular contraction Usage The company has decided to eliminate the use of PVC (where sustainable alternatives are available) in an effort to reduce the impact of PVC on the en vironment. Waste Reduction Through the continuous efforts of the company, the production process has reduced its brag per tonne of production by 68% in the 1995-2008 period. Signatory Issues Global Compact Unilever has instituted a senior management position to ensure that labour standards are upheld and the company continues to support the UN Global Compacts principles on human and labour decents.This aspect has been given high priority by the exe shrinkive committee. GRI The assessment of Unilevers Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting has been certified to be B+. The same has been verified by third party Corporate Citizenship. Awards Awarded Two Good Egg awards by Animal Welfare nongovernmental organization Compassion in World Farming in recognition of their decision to source eggs only from cage free sources Unilever was awarded for the tenth year running, the leader in food sector in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. Secured the Platinum standard award in the UK Busi ness Community Corporate Responsibility Index Included in Global 100 Most Sustainable corporations in the world for the fifth year running, a 2009 list compiled by Corporate Knights and Innovest Strategic Value Advisors Gained articulatio first place in VBDO (Association for pointors in Sustainable Enterprises) 2008 rating for sustainable supply chain management, ahead of 34 other companies listed on the Dutch ocellus Exchange Unilever in India Commitment to UN Global CompactHUL has separately reaffirmed its commitment to the UN Global Compact and its ten principles. They support institutionalization of the principles enshrined in the Global compact amongst companies in India and are a founder member of the UN Global Compact Society of India. Project Shakti Hindustan Unilevers Project Shakti is a unpolished initiative that targets small villages populated by less than 2000 individuals. It is a unique win-win initiative that catalyses rural affluence even as it benefits business. Lifebuoy Swastya ChetnaLifebuoy Swastya Chetna (LBSC) is a rural health and hygiene initiative which was started in 2002. LBSC was initiated in media dark villages (in UP, MP, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Orissa) with the objective of spreading awareness about the importance of washing hands with soap. Fair and Lovely home The Fair & Lovely (FAL) posterior aims at economic empowerment of women across India by providing information, resources and support in the areas of didactics, career and enterprise. It specifically targets women from low-income groups.Sanjivini HUL started Sanjivani a free unsettled medical service camp in the year 2003 near its Doom Dooma factory in Assam. The aim was to provide free mobile medical facility to the interior villagers in Assam. This was make keeping in mind the lack of quality medical facilities available in the villages in and around Doom Dooma. PROCTER & GAMBLE Procter & Gamble Co. is a Fortune 500, American MNC headquartered in Cinci nnati, Ohio As of 2008, P is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest by profit.It manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. It has one of the strongest portfolios of trusted, quality, leadership brands including Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, MACH3, Bounty, Dawn, Gain, Pringles, Folgers, Charmin, Downy, Lenor, Iams, Crest, Oral-B, Actonel, Duracell, Olay, Head & Shoulders, wella, Gillette, Braun, and Fusion Vision Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and function company in the world. Purpose Company deficiencys to be the introduction leader in every business, product category and country where P competes.P views sustainability as a significant responsibility and a unremitting source of opportunity. 2012 SUSTAINABILITY GOALS OF P system 1 Products Develop and market at least $20 billion in cumulative sales of sustainable innovation products, which are products with a significantly reduced (10%) env ironmental token versus previous or alternative products. Strategy 2 Operations Deliver an extra 10% decrement (per unit production) in CO2 emissions, cipher consumption, water consumption and disposed waste from P plants, leading to a total reduction over the decade of at least 40%.Strategy 3 Social Responsibility Enable 250 million children to Live, Learn and achieve. Prevent 80 million days of disease and carry on 10,000 lives by delivering 2 billion liters of clean water through Childrens Safe Drinking Water program Strategy 4 Employees Engage and equip all P employees to build sustainability thinking and practices into their everyday work. Strategy 5 Stakeholders Shape the future by working transparently with stakeholders to enable continued freedom to innovate in a responsible way. P follows CSR activities in following categories Philanthropy DetailsEducation Over the past times 12 years, P has built over 140 schools across rural China, constituent tens of thousands of children access better education facilities and an ameliorate learning environment. Through this program, P builds and maintains facilities, trains teachers, and provides health and hygiene education programs. P Hope Schools engage employees on multiple levels, even encouraging participation from employees families. It uses cause- associate marketing efforts, more than 320,000 retail outlets and 100 million consumers have also supported P Hope Schools.Shiksha (India) Through Shiksha, which means education, P is providing children in 15 cities and 75 villages across India with access to education. This program commits a portion from the sale of P brands toward the education of children in need in India. P India has also launched the Shiksha Ambassador Program, allowing employees to lead a word-of-mouth campaign to raise awareness of the issue. Infant health Pampers/1 Pack = 1 Vaccine campaign helps babies in underdeveloped regions, especially Africa, get off to a healthy start.Each time a consumer purchases a package of Pampers, a vaccination is provided via UNICEF to a child in need. So far, more than 50 million vaccinations have been funded. P hopes to eradicate maternal and neonatal tetanus through this effort, saving tens of millions of lives. Safe Drinking Water Childrens Safe Drinking Water initiative provides safe drinking water for children in need around the world, with an emphasis in Africa. It provides emergency relief and establishes safe drinking water engineering to children and their families.This program is on the ground in developing nations such as Uganda, Kenya and Malawi. Thus far, applied science has provided more than a billion liters of clean drinking water. terminus is to provide up to 2 billion liters of water by 2012. Community Welfare Enfance Mal-Logee (France) Program supports families with children living in sub-standard housing. This Live, Learn and Thrive program helps move families from sub-standard living conditions to safe, accessible housing, allowing children to stay with their families rather than being placed in orphanages. T. O. U. C. H. Together for Our Community Here) program has resulted in thousands of hours of voluntary work to help disabled, sick, and underclass(prenominal) children in Geneva. CSR In Business Process Waste Management P Gattatico Plant instituted a War on Waste program in January 2008 to reduce the trend in liquid waste due to increasing change-over sanitisations as production lines produced to demand. Gattatico is a waste lead send for EMEA. At the end of FY 07/08 the point avoided 3,000 tons of disposed liquid waste. By the end of FY 08/09 they plan to reduce by another 2,200 tons.This plan will have over a 50 percent reduction impact on the waste footprint by FY11/12. The key interventions include recycling wash water back into the process improved washout procedures and adding wastewater treatment to reduce the COD levels prior to sewer discharge. Energy saving and E mission reduction P operations pioneered breakthrough technologies to reduce energy consumption. Among the simple, low-cost steps were the following oUsing water spray instead of electric power to cool water oRecovering waste heat from washout and sanitization water Using high-efficiency long-life lighting Over the year, these changes helped to reduce mean output energy by 6 10 percent for each site. They are currently being reapplied across other business units. In addition, energy training and energy audits were conducted at all sites this year, making each self-sufficient in delivering sustainability opportunities. There has been a decrease over the past three years in CO2 (Direct) 2. 9 million metrical tons, 2. 9 million metric tons and 2. 8 million metric tons in 2006, 2007 and 2008, delight inively.Also there has been a decrease over the past three years in water consumption 91 million m3, 90 million m3 and 87 million m3 in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Technology/ Info rmation Technology Managing innovation sustainably begins with the use of oecumenical analysis tools. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) generates a complete environmental footprint, extending beyond carbon impact to measure total energy and water use and waste production. Also included are the impacts of consumer use of P products, as well as all emissions into the air, water and land.This detailed review pinpoint areas where our innovation efforts can be most effective. Recycle At manufacturing site for perfume in Avenel, New Jersey, P developed a new process for mix scrap material for reprocessing as an ingredient for potpourri. As a result, annual generation of scrap waste at the site has dropped from 50,000 kg to zero. Each site monitors total suspended particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx). Overall, the total air emissions decreased from last year to 15. 9 thousand metric tons.P continues to find innovat ive recycling methods to change the trend to be more efficient. CSR Company Policies Disclosure policy Disclosure controls are systems and processes that help ensure that big information is make available to the right people at the right time. The Company contains every area of the business to maintain disclosure controls to provide adequate assurance that significant information is reported to the appropriate levels of the Company so that the appropriate business steps can be taken to make do any issues, and so that the Company can consider whether the information should be disclosed externallyAntitrust Policy and Compliance Guidelines Antitrust laws are designed to prohibit agreements among companies that fix prices, divide markets, limit production or otherwise impede or destroy market forces. P policy is that all employees rigorously comply with antitrust laws and the competition and anti-monopoly laws of all countries, states and localities in which they conduct P business. Supervisors and managers are responsible for ensuring that employees under their responsibility are aware of and comply with this policy. Child Labor and Worker Exploitation Policy P does not use child or forced labor in any of our global operations or acilities. P do not tolerate unacceptable worker treatment, such as exploitation of children, somatogenic punishment or abuse, or driven servitude. The Company respects employees right to freedom of association, third party consultation and collective bargaining where all P by law. P expect our suppliers and contractors with whom P do business to uphold the same standards. HIV/AIDS Policy All employees, including those who are HIV infected or with AIDS, are treated consistently with the Companys Purpose, Values & Principles (PVP) by the Company, their managers and coworkers.P&G treat employees with HIV/AIDS the same as P&G treat those with other serious illnesses. Specifically, an employee who is HIV-infected or with AIDS have the same employment rights and responsibilities as other employees, has the same eligibility for employee benefits and programs, including medical care and disability coverage, as non-infected employees, is afforded privacy and confidentiality protection consistent with the Companys handling of confidential, medical or other sensitive information, and is provided management support to remain productive Fair CompetitionP compete strictly on the merits of our products and serve and make no attempts to restrain or limit trade. P do not enter into agreements with competitors concerning prices, production volumes, customers or sales territories. P do not disparage the products or services of a competitor. P collect competitive information through proper public or other lawful channel but do not use information that was obtained illegally or improperly by others, including through misrepresentation, invasion of property or privacy, or coercion. Advertising/Promotion PoliciesNeither decepti ve advertising nor questionable promotional activity can ever be justified. These are rattling tenets of P dedication to consumers and prerequisite to gaining and keeping their continuing loyalty to our brands. P observes standards of commercial fairness in devising, using and selecting advertising and promotions, so the products succeed based on their own quality and performance and our reputation as a company, rather than by false or deceptive statements or comparisons. AWARDS 1. In December of 2007, P was honored with the highly prestigious Presidential Ron Brown Award for Corporate Leadership. . International Health Communication Gold Medallion Award, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health for building market-based relationships that sustain and deliver safe drinking water. 3. Childrens Environmental Health Excellence Award, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency for outstanding leadership in protecting children from environmental risk. 4. Global Leadership Award, United Nations Association of the USA in part, for providing clean water for millions around the world through the Childrens Safe Drinking Water program.Report is prepared using the Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) G3 Guidelines. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (FMCG) FMCG industry primarily deals with the production, distribution and marketing of consumer packaged goods. round of the prime activities of FMCG industry are selling, marketing, financing, purchasing, etc. The industry also engaged in operations, supply chain, production and general management. With increase competitiveness in the sector, it is lively for an each organization to leverage its social activities in order to gain a competitive advantage.The increased credibility and goodwill earned from the customers and associates is an invaluable impalpable asset for the FMCG organization. CSR has now become a part of the corporate scheme thinking. A CSR activity of FMCG companies generally involves improving their proce sses and brings out change through policy measures. Most of the companies use communication medium and channels partners to showcase their activities and sensitize the population about the issue. Global FMCG companies have presence in more than 50 countries and CSR activities are designed according to the local issues and problems.Business Process Innovation is the key for P and through innovation company brings efficiency in boilers suit operations. Use of technology to reduce the inventory, waste management and emission reduction issues are some of the activities undertaken. Unilever mainly concentrates on providing more nutritional value to its product and promoting good practices for hygiene. Unilever is also involved in waste management and emission reduction. Company policies P strongly advocates CSR through its policies and follows the same across all the offices and manufacturing units.Providing right information to consumers, no discrimination of employees on social status or on health issues like AIDS. Unilever mainly controls its supply chain through strict policy measures and make them also socially responsible. Philanthropy Most of the P activities across the globe concentrate on Child welfare. Through Live, Learn and Thrive Program Company provides education, scholarship, safe drinking water to millions of children. Unilever is providing to relief to disaster affected areas.Also wild life preservation and environment conservation initiatives are undertaken. CITIGROUP INC. About the Company Citigroup Inc. , a global fiscal services company, provides consumers, corporations, governments, and institutions with a range of pecuniary products and services, including consumer banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, and wealth management. The core citizenship priorities of Citi include microfinance, pecuniary education and asset preservation, and the environment.These are the areas in which Citi holds specific exper tise and has an opportunity to make a material difference. We will be discussing the CSR activities undertaken by Citi under two major heads philanthropy and CSR in business practices. Philanthropy Details Financial literacy The Citi Foundation supports programs that provide individuals with access to knowledge and incentives that help them take control of their financial future by making informed decisions, acquiring and preserving financial assets, and responding to major life events that can affect income and expenses.The specific goals of Citi Foundation program are Invest over $200 million over ten years in financial education Support programs to help low income families build and preserve assets. motion highlights for 2008 Total funding till date has been $149 million. In 2008 alone, Citi invested $28 million in 73 countries. The total number of individuals reached through this program by the year 2008 is 22,344,441. Microfinance The Citi Foundation has been supporting the e xpansion and evolution of the microfinance industry for decades.Its approach is to Expand outreach to millions more low-income borrowers Build and preserve borrowers assets via savings, housing finance, remittances, insurance, and financial education Build global awareness of microfinance as an effective poverty alleviation tool The highlights of the microfinance initiative of Citi are as follows Citi Foundation sponsored the Microfinance Banana Skins Survey 2009 that describes the risks facing the microfinance industry. Citi launched an innovative micro-savings product called Citibank Pragati in India.It utilizes a biometric ATM, which can identify customers not only on the basis of a card and a pin, but also by their fingerprints, and it displays and speaks to customers in up to six languages. On May 9, 2007, SKS Microfinance and Citibank announced a $40 Million (Rs. 180 crores) financing program involving Citibank India purchasing loans that are originated by SKS. Community Relat ions Under its community relations initiative, one of the major programs of Citi has been its Office of Homeownership Preservation (OHP).Through this, Citi is working hard to keep distressed homeowners whose mortgages it owns or services in their homes and out of foreclosure. It established its Office of Homeownership Preservation (OHP) in 2007, as the foreclosure crisis began to emerge. This initiative has helped approximately 440,000 homeowners since 2007 through loss mitigation and proactive loan modification. In the year 2008 OHP Reached out to 88,000 borrowers Participated in 106 borrower outreach program in 72 cities Trained more than 600 counselors from 304 non-profit organisations Worked with 18,240 borrowers to find foreclosure solutions Plant-a-Tree initiativeIn April 2007, Citi adopted a Plant-a-Tree initiative to make water environmental awareness by encouraging its credit card holders to switch to paperless statements, planting a tree for each conversion made. CSR in b usiness process Diversity Citi strives to be an Employer of Choice by a. Hiring, training, mentoring and championing individuals from diverse backgrounds. b. Offering training to employees on topics such as Championing Diversity, Valuing Diversity and Inclusion at Citi and Leadership Through the Lens of Diversity. It strives to be a Business Partner of Choice by a.Maintaining a diverse supplier base. Its supplier diversity team tries to identify and necessitate qualified business enterprises owned by minorities, women, and people with disabilities, veterans and disabled veterans. Energy Citi has undertaken various initiatives to conserve energy by following certain practices in its business process. It has developed a Green Energy Community Investment Fund which supports the installation of solar electric systems on commercial buildings, especially the ones which are under privileged. Also, between the year 2006 and 2008, it rudimentaryized its recycling of e-waste operations in New York.More than 0. 1 million devices were recycled between these two years itself. Citi is also looking at increasing the component of purchases with recycled content in its office supplies. In the year 2008, it increased from 33% to 38%. Employees Citi is particularly focused towards its employees. It provides Employee Assistance Plan (EAP) to help employees manage stresses related to job loss, personal counseling etc. It also offers negotiable Work Strategies program through which the employees can decide when they want, from where they want and how they want to work.Technology In the year 2008, Citi launched log off for Savings program. This program involves centrally managing PC sleep settings. This initiative would cut down GHG emissions and save costs too. Another of its initiative, Desktop Standardization Initiative (DSI) deployed Thin Client technology which uses anywhere from 6 to 50 watts, versus the 150 to 350 watts used by a standard PC. Citi also plans to reduce num ber of overall datacenters from 52 to 24. In the year 2008, it has come down to 32 datacenters.Citi has also been adopting virtualization to reduce the need for physical resources. It is also trying to conserve energy resources through travel substitution by Using Tele- and video conferencing wherever possible. Climate Change On May 8, 2007, Citi announced that it will direct $50 billion over the next 10 years to address global climate change through investments, financings and related activities to support the commercialization and yield of alternative energy and clean technology among the clients and markets it serves, as well as within its own businesses and operations.In 2008, Citi eliminated six million square feet of office space through the Alternative Workplace Strategies program. Environment and Social Risk Management Policy (ESRM) This policy was developed in 2003 to help address environmental and social issues from both a credit risk perspective and a reputation and fran chise risk perspective. The CMB ESRM Policys core elements are based on the Equator Principles. The ESRM policy assesses the proceeds from the financial transactions into three categories ? category A Use of proceeds is expected to have a significant uncomely impact on society and/or environment. Category B Use of the proceeds is expected to have limited adverse impact on society and/or environment. ?Category C Use of proceeds is expected to have minimal adverse impacts. Signatory initiatives Equator Principles In adopting the Equator Principles, Citi agree to provide loans only to those projects whose borrowers can demonstrate their ability and willingness to comply with comprehensive processes aimed at ensuring that projects are developed in a socially responsible manner and according to sound environmental management practices.Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Citi uses Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G3 Sustainability Guidelines in Citis 2008 Citizenship Report. It is a self -declaring a B Application level. The carbon Principles Through its commitment towards the Carbon Principles, Citi has sworn in to Encourage investments in cost effective demand reduction to reduce the core of CO2 emissions. Encourage clients to invest in cost effective renewable sources of energy and distributed technologies. Assess and reflect the risks in the financing of certain fossil force out generation in the light of the need to substantially reduce super acidhouse gas pollution through its Enhanced Due Diligence process. On September 14, 2009, Citi announced that it has been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (DJSI) for the ninth consecutive year, affirming Citis position as a global sustainability leader. Associations Citi has many NGO partners Friends of the Earth (U. S. ), bionomical Finance, Forest Trends, Rainforest Action Network, Wildlife Habitat Council, World Wildlife Fund etc. Awards CitizenshipBest Corporate Citizen, Second Place in Foreign Company Category Common Wealth Magazine, chinaware Best Bank for Corporate Social Responsibility The Bank of the Year Competition, Hungary Honorable Mention for Best CSR Award Taiwan Academy of Banking and Finance Diversity 100% Corporate Equality Index Human Rights Campaign (United States) fifth time on the list Employees Best Flexible Work Practices Hong Kong HR Awards 2008 The City Foundation The Citi Foundation is committed to the economic empowerment of individuals and families, particularly those in need, in the communities where it works so that they can improve their standard of living.Citi is particularly interested in supporting program innovations in the following priority focus areas Microfinance Help individuals and families improve their lives through economic liberty and reduce financial vulnerability Small and Growing Businesses To create employment opportunities and support broad economic growth Education programs To help improve quality and access to primary an d secondary education in Citi markets internationally, and in the United States programs that increase the number of low-income and first-generation students who enroll in postsecondary education and earn a peak Financial Education and Asset Building To help individuals and families develop the knowledge they need to achieve financial stability HSBC HSBC Holdings plc is a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales in 1990, and headquartered in London since 1993.As of 2009, it is both the worlds largest banking group and the worlds 6th largest company according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine. HSBC has an enormous operational base in Asia and significant lending, investment, and insurance activities around the world. The company has a global reach and financial fundamentals matched by few other banking or financial multinationals CSR at HSBC The focus of HSBCs work on environmental issues primarily addresses the risks and opportunities associated with climate change and natural resources, including energy, water management, waste and biodiversity. The social initiatives they prioritise include making financial services available more widely and providing access to education.HSBC believe this is the best way to help communities build capacity, financial independence and long-term prosperity. Sustainability at HSBC is overseen by the Corporate Sustainability Committee of the HSBC Holdings Board. The Corporate Sustainability Committee is responsible for advising the HSBC Holdings Board, committees of the Board and executive management on sustainability policies, including environmental, social and ethical issues. Focus Area The main focus of HSBCs commitments is on two main themes education and the environment. HSBC believes that we are dependent upon the skills of future generations if we do not prepare them adequately, we limit our future potential. Access to education can be life ever-changing and helps to equalise opportunity.It is al so a prerequisite for economic growth and the development of stable societies. Their educational support focuses on Disadvantaged children Financial and business literacy Environmental education and understanding They equally believe that the needs of at presents society should not be fulfilled at the expense of future generations. It believes that we are dependent upon the state of the environment, and if we degrade it, we damage our future prospects. Our environmental support focuses on Climate change Freshwater (e. g. rivers) Biodiversity (plants, forests and animals) Global Education Programmes Opportunities for disadvantaged children Future FirstThe flagship programme, Future First, has taken on the challenge of helping homeless children, orphans and children in care around the world. For this they are working in partnership with the charity SOS Childrens Villages, among others, with the shared aim to provide access to education and life skills training. This helps the childr en to grow in confidence and, in time, to make their own contribution to society. Our presence in over 80 countries and territories presents us with a large network of people and resources capable of making a significant difference to these childrens lives. rural Children Programme China has seen impressive economic growth over the last two decades but a vast disparity remains between the prosperity of rural and urban regions.To help support the ongoing winner of the country, HSBC has identified a need to build up the educational infrastructure in rural areas where 95 per cent of primary schools are located. HSBCs Rural Children Programme aims to improve facilities and provide training to teachers in curriculum design, computer-aided teaching, nutrition and counselling to help support a modern and rounded education for rural children. Financial Literacy Programme JA More than Money As household debt rises throughout many developed countries and the world reflections economic unce rtainty, gaining an early understanding of how to create and manage a sustainable income is ever more important for individuals and for society as a whole. HSBC launched JA More than Money in 2007 in partnership with Junior consummation Worldwide.HSBC colleagues are involved in classroom activities where they draw on their own skills and experience to teach children about earning, spending, sharing and saving money. Promoting environmental education Eco Schools Climate Initiative The HSBC Eco-Schools Climate Initiative is run by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) and with HSBCs support will be able to overdraw the programme across the world. The programme involves a tried and tested seven step processes to engage the entire population of the school in practical activities to improve their local environment. Through these seven steps, students, parents, teachers and the wider community are encouraged to take a more active role in environmental decision making. inves tment in the EnvironmentProtecting the environment is central to HSBCs sustainability strategy as a carbon neutral organization. They focus on reducing the footprint of their own operations and even encourage their clients and suppliers to do the same. They also partner with leading environmental organizations to achieve shared goals. The Climate Group works with corporate and government leaders in some of the worlds cities to tackle climate change. Participation in the HSBC Climate Partnership has enabled the launch of new offices and enlisting of new members in Beijing, Hong Kong and Delhi plus the launch of the UK Together campaign, helping households save carbon dioxide by providing cheap and easy ways for consumers to reduce their carbon footprint.The HSBC Climate Partnership has helped WWF to support 33 nature reserves in China to tackle increased flooding, reduce pollution and safeguard endangered species in the central and turn away Yangtze River. The HSBC Climate Partnersh ip makes up around 80% of HSBCs overall investment in the environment. It is complemented by a number of local programmes, many of which allow its employees the opportunity to engage in and understand conserving their local environment. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (BANKING) Banks act as financial intermediaries in our society they price and value financial assets, they monitor borrowers, they manage financial risks and they organize the payment system. By performing these functions, banks have a huge impact on society.They usually require firms and households to adopt certain behaviour in order to increase the chances that these lenders will pay interest and amortizations. As such, they also may affect sustainable development. socially responsible banking is becoming a well-established notion in the financial services industry. Financial institutions are coming round to the idea that there is more to invest than just to check the figures. In the US, every one out of eight dollars invested is subject to some social or ethical screen. In most countries, insular households have the opportunity to save or invest their money not only on the basis of financial rewards, but also in the face of the nonmonetary value of savings and investments.In many OECD countries, specialized banks offer savings accounts to the public while promising that the savings will be used to finance environmentally sound projects or for operations of entrepreneurs who find it hard to get access to finance from institutions that are more conventional. Women and minorities have been targeted specifically in this respect in the US based on so-called community investments. In more than 40 countries including several developing countries like Brazil and South-Africa people can put their savings in socially responsible investment funds that in some way or another check for corporate social responsibility (CSR) of the firms in which they invest. Banks increasingly are involved with financing economic acti vity that aims at sustainable development and offer microcredit to the poor and deprived. Some of the important CSR initiatives taken by various banks are Reporting StandardsNon-financial reporting is a very popular instrument in the banking sector and this is a partial chip of CSRs maturity of the sector. Banks have developed their own reports and use the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework. Financial Literacy With growing business banks and other financial institutions have started realizing of creating awareness about financial planning. To address this issue banks have started with financial literacy programs at various levels. Like HSBC has launched JA More than Money program to meliorate children on financial planning while on the other hand Citi has various programs targeting adults for the financial literacy. Climate Change and Environment ProtectionBanking Industry has shown concerns towards changing climatic conditions. Although banks have less impact o n the natural environment than, say, the chemical or mining industry, their relatively low impact on environmental sustainability is more than compensated for by their impact on society as a whole. Most of the initiatives are towards reducing the total CO2 emitted not only by them but also by their stake holders forming part of the value chain. Some of the important steps are like commitment of USD50 billion by Citi towards climate control investments, HSBCs eco-school climate initiative to provide education on climate conservation awareness. EnergyBanks are encouraging investments in green energy. The encouragement is mainly in terms of funds and other financial assistance specifically allocated for installation of green energy sources. Recycling of waste and use of recyclable supplies is been done at the institution level by majority of the banks. Vodafone Vodafone is a British mobile network operator, with its headquarters in Berkshire, England, UK. It is the largest mobile telec ommunications network company in the world by turnover, and has a market value of about ? 75 billion (August 2008). Vodafone currently has operations in 31 countries and partner networks in a further 40 countries. Vision To be worlds mobile communications leader, enriching customers lives, helping individuals, businesses and communities be more connected in a mobile world. Vodafones latest Corporate Responsibility Report It highlights how the companys expansion in emerging markets is facilitating economic development by increasing access to communications. The rapid expansion of the network means one of Vodafones biggest issues is how to control greenhouse gas emissions. To address this Vodafone recently announced a target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2020 in its established markets. This years report outlines how the company aims to achieve this ambitious goal.Vodafone is also exploring how its products and services can help other industries cut their carbon footprint, and is increasing its focus on managing climate impacts in the supply chain. Vodafones social and environmental performance in 2008/09 is reported in its signature We said, We have, We will format. CSR in business process Decreased like-for-like carbon emissions by 4. 7% In 2008/09, companys total CO2 emissions was1. 31 million tonnes, 4. 7% lower than last year despite an increase in energy use. The carbon intensity of the Groups energy consumption has decreased due to our increased use of green tariff energy energy generated from renewable sources. This Group reduction target applies to our entire local operating companies that active for a sound year in 2006/07 and to their CO2 emissions from all energy ources except business flights and other greenhouse gases. Increased the number of sites powerd by on-site renewable energy by 7. 5% across the Group Vodafone now has 429 base stations powered by on-site renewable energy in eight countries, diesel motor is often used to power sites tha t are not connected to the electricity grid, as well as being used in back-up generators in case of power failure. In 2008/09, diesel use accounted for 6. 3% of our total CO2 emissions from network energy use across the Group. This proportion is higher in our Indian operations. Collected 1. 82 million handsets for reuse and recycling Vodafone has exceeded our target to collect 1. 5 million handsets during 2008/09.Vodafone operating companies continued their efforts to collect handsets for recycling, collecting approximately half(a) a million more handsets than last year representing a 37% increase. Begun a pilot project to assess capability for recycling e-waste in Mumbai In 2008/09, Vodafone commenced an end-of-life assessment of mobiles in India, particularly in Mumbai, with The Environment Resources Institute. The study aims to assess current practices and devise strategies to improve end-of-life management of mobile phones. Supply chain Vodafone expect all our suppliers to mai ntain high ethical, environmental and labour standards, and Vodafone work with them to build their CR capability. Our Code of Ethical Purchasing (CEP) sets out our requirements and Vodafone assess new and existent suppliers for compliance with the CEP.Vodafone also engage in industry partnerships to improve CR standards throughout the supply chain for the ICT sector as a whole. Diversity in workforce The strategy, launched in April 2008, aims to ensure that Vodafones workforce reflects its diverse customer base and that the company has an inclusive working environment that embraces the benefits diversity brings. Implementation of the strategy is overseen by a global steering committee. The initial focus is on gender and nationality diversity. In 2008/09, 13% of our most senior managers including three operating company CEOs were female. A total of 23 nationalities were represented in top management bands, an increase on 2007/08.Introduced a new health and safety strategy In Februar y 2009, Vodafone developed a three-year strategic plan to prevent fatalities and ensure effective implementation of our product safety policy. To achieve this, Vodafone will introduce initiatives to promote leadership in health, safety extend our online management and reporting systems, and improve health and safety governance and risk management. Consumer Issues Vodafones reputation depends on earning the trust of its customers. Their loyalty is vital to the long-term success of our business. This section covers a range of issues that Vodafone believe play an important part in maintaining customer trust.Important consumer issues include the clarity of our pricing, the responsibility of our marketing material, the way Vodafone handle customer privacy and our measures to protect customers from inappropriate content, contact and commercialism. Vodafone also address other consumer issues such as responsible mobile phone use, driving safety and mobile theft. Safety from RF & EMF Develop ed employee awareness training and awareness initiatives on RF knowledge bases Vodafone has made significant investment in e-learning programs, induction briefings and face-to-face training to raise awareness among relevant employees in all our local operating companies to enable them to fulfill their vital role in communicating our approach to RF fields. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has issued guidelines on levels of exposure to RF fields.Vodafones policy on Health and Safety of RF Fields requires that all our base stations and the mobile phones Vodafone sell comply with ICNIRP guidelines. In fact, RF field exposure from our base stations is typically hundreds, if not thousands, of times below the limits set by the guidelines. Mobile for blind and deaf people Vodafone is currently focussing on making its services easier to use for customers who are Blind or visually impaired Deaf or hard of hearing Elderly or have special healthcare needs. This text-to-speech software enabling blind and visually impaired customers to use text messages is an updated version of Mobile Speak.Health Service vial mobile An mHealth services pre-feasibility study in India. A total of ? 450,598 was provided by the Fund towards these initiatives at 31 March 2009. In 2008/09, Vodafone fostered continued developments in mHealth by partnering with and investing in t+medical, the leading provider of mobile phonebased technology used to transfer patient biometric data. t+Medicals innovative technology enables patients with chronic diseases to record details about their condition and treatment using their mobile phones. The information is quickly and easily relayed to nurses who can monitor the data and take action if Necessary. Corporate GovernanceThe Board of the Company is committed to high standards of corporate governance, which it considers are critical to business integrity and to maintaining investors trust in the Company. The Grou p expects all its directors and employees to act with honesty, integrity and fairness. The Group will strive to act in accordance with the laws and customs of the countries in which it operates adopt proper standards of business practice and procedure operate with integrity and observe and respect the culture of every country in which it does business. Vodafone Group Plc Annual Report 2008 65 Awards During the year, Vodafones 2007 CR report won the main accolade of the Corporate Register Reporting Awards for the best report and was commended by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) for the best isclosure in Tax and Public Policy. Vodafone is included in the FTSE4Good and Dow Jones Sustainability Index and rated fifth in the Global Account Ability Rating. The Vodafone Group Foundation The Vodafone Group Foundation is a UK registered Charity established by Vodafone Group Plc in 2002. It has invested over ? 100 million in projects since its creation and currently re ceives ? 24 million per annum from the Vodafone Group Plc which it distributes between projects globally and its unique global footprint of 23 Vodafone Foundations. Vodafone is committed to making a difference in the communities in which it operates. The Vodafone Group Foundation has invested over ? 00 million in projects since its creation in 2002 concentrating on disaster relief, helping disadvantaged children via sport and music initiatives and specific projects across Vodafones 23 local Foundations worldwide. Philanthropy Details The Vodafone Group Foundation has donated ? 10m to the United Nations Foundation over five years, part of which has been made available to the Measles Initiative for Immunization programs. As a second phase of their support of these activities, VGF and the UN Foundation have now begun work with WHO on a new program to use technology to improve disease surveillance, a critical aspect of fighting not only measles but many other diseases. The Vodafone Grou p Foundation partnership is the largest financial commitment made by any corporation to the UN Foundation. Philanthropy in IndiaVodafone Group Plc has established the Vodafone India Foundation, with an initial commitment of $10 million. This step signifies a further landmark in the development of Vodafones presence in India and confirms the Groups commitment to invest socially in the communities where it operates. This activity will be supported by The Vodafone Group Foundation which has developed a unique network of 23 Foundations around the world during the last five years. Compliance with GRI guidelines Vodafone has benchmarked its CR reporting against the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting guidelines. The company assess its application of the GRI reporting framework to be at level B+. Independent assurance report to VodafoneKPMG LLP was engaged by Vodafone Group Services Limited to provide assurance over selected aspects of the Vodafone Group plc 2008/09 Corporate Responsibility Report. Conclusion CSR activities are followed worgwide but their ways of approach are different depending upon company and their nature of business. CSR projects are frequently carried out as a cooperative effort involving external partners can enhance the success and value of the project, and projects can benefit from the experience of local organizations or stakeholders. Companies are faced with the challenge of expanding their reporting to include the social and ecological effects of their business activities. This involves, in particular, maintaining international standards and norms with respect to CSR topics.More and more, however, even socially relevant CSR projects and their effects are being carefully scrutinized. It is no longer enough simply to cuss that a project is doing something positive for society The goal is to develop a CSR strategy that addresses the most urgent social needs on the local agenda, while avoiding risks and identifying new opportunities to achieve corporate objectives. In a country with widespread poverty, for example, adapting a companys products to the resources of low-income consumers can serve a social purpose and at the same time help the company gain access to new customer groups. Providing basic and further training ensures a well practised labor force and alleviates a shortage of qualified workers.Well planned CSR activities can have the immediate effect of helping a companys business run more smoothly while also ensuring the long-term availability of the workers and resources that are necessary for corporate success. Rather than following fleeting trends or giving in to pressure from NGOs, companies need to integrate sustainable CSR activities into their everyday routine so that they gradually become second nature. Another option is to outsource CSR projects or transfer them to partners with greater expertise and experience in the relevant area. Particularly when projects are too far removed from a companys core business, it is wise to assign responsibility for them to competent entities or independent structures. CSR projects can only survive if they are integrated into a companys core business over the long term.It is not simply a matter of developing a positive reputation, but also of shaping sustainable business processes. It is therefore important to review the effectiveness of projects on a regular basis. Accordingly, (CSR) management is responsible for introducing CSR projects that have been successfully launched to the relevant departments and making them part of the companys core business as independent products and processes. In purchasing, certain social guidelines should be the norm, and environmental standards should be the norm in the area of development. References www. csridentity. com www. csrwire. com www. unilever. com www. citygroupinc. com www. hsbc. com www. pg-india. com www. vodafone. co Sustainibility report of all five companies

Metabolism

Now that you argon familiar with the structure of prokaryotic electric cells, we depose discuss the activities that allow these microbes to thrive. The life support performance of veritable(a) the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of difficult bio chemic replys. Most, although not all, of the biochemical substance processes of bacterium also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the re litigates that be unique to bacteria are bewitching beca uptake they allow microorganisms to do things we crowd outnot do (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). For example, some(a) bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can set up on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, atomic number 1 gas, and ammonia.This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce vim (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also look at how t hese various reactions are integ arranged within the cell.II. DiscussionA. Catabolic and Anabolic ReactionsWe use the term metabolism to refer to the tell of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or get energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into 2 classes of chemical reactionsthose that release energy and those that call for energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are broadly the iodins relate in catabolism, the break eat up of knotty organic compounds into simpler ones. These reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions.On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of knotty organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (react ions that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical bonds.Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds repositing energy when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions. This sum of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (adenosine triphosphate). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three ph osphate collections.When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is create, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions. Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this reaction as (ATP ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy ATP).Thus, anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing some molecules are macrocosm broken down while others are being synthesized. This equilibrize flow of chemicals and energy deems the life of a cell ( transfiguration What is it scarcely and how fast or slow should it be?).B. EnzymesChemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecul es must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the speed of the particles, the amount of energy involve to trigger the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific physical body of the particles. The physiological temperature and draw of organisms are too low for chemical reactions to occur quickly enough to maintain the life of the organism.Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such adjustments could damage or kill the organism. The living cells solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in some(prenominal) ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules destruction together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressu re inside the cell (Immobilized Enzymes contribute Check Bioterrorism, 2003).Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzymes substratum (or substrates when at that place are two or much reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional fabricate with a specific draw near configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to find the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molecules in the cell (Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic ActivitySeveral factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.a.) TemperatureThe rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules give out more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This light is due to the enzymes denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).Most enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, some(prenominal) of the enzymes amino acids are affected and the proteins three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).Substrate ConcentrationThere is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is highly high can this maximum rate be attained. down the stairs conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated that is, its active site is always work by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a further increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrates concentration exceeds a cells saturation take for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the ce ll produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). However, under convention cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration.InhibitorsAn effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells tip functioning and die.Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate.Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete w ith the substrate for the enzymes active site instead they interact with another(prenominal) part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (other space) inhibition, an enzymes activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrates binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. dissimilation refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are have to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes.ReferenceNeidhardt, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. Metabolism What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be? The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism. the States Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003MetabolismThe life support activity of even the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all, of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do (Neidha rdt & Holde, 1990). For example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can grow on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia.This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce energy (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also look at how these various reactions are integrated within the cell.II. DiscussionA. Catabolic and Anabolic ReactionsWe use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into two classes of chemical reactionsthose that release energy and those that require energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.These re actions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions. On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical bonds.Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic r eactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (ATP). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups. When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions.Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this reaction as (ATP ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy ATP). Thus, anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing some molecules are being brok en down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the life of a cell (Metabolism What is it exactly and how fast or slow should it be?).B. EnzymesChemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the speed of the particles, the amount of energy required to trigger the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific configuration of the particles. The physiological temperature and pressure of organisms are too low for chemical reactions to occur quickly enough to maintain the life of the organism. Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such changes could damage or kill the organism.The living cells solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in several ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules close together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure inside the cell (Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzymes substrate (or substrates when there are two or more reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional shape with a specific surface configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to find the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molecules in the cell (Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic ActivitySeveral factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.a.) TemperatureThe rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This decrease is due to the enzymes denaturation, the loss of its charact eristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).b.) pHMost enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, many of the enzymes amino acids are affected and the proteins three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).c.) Substrate ConcentrationThere is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is extremely high can this maximum rate be attained. Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a fu rther increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrates concentration exceeds a cells saturation level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). However, under normal cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration.d.) InhibitorsAn effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells stop functioning and die.Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate.Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzymes active site instead they interact with another part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (other space) inhibition, an enzymes activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrates binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes.ReferenceNeidhardt, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. Metabolism What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be? The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003