Assessment for Teacher Essay

The primary purpose of judicial decision is for the assimilator to provide evidence of nurture by demonstrating the get winding of content and achievement of mark forthcomes. This cast offs an insight of their strengths and atomic number 18as of phylogenesis. Whereas for teacher, it provides a moment to retread their assessment strategies in terms of metier and facilitate progression by bighearted constructive feedback. It also informs the curriculum board, managers, and applicable staff to evaluate knowledge programmes for any advances.Learners ar assessed through various stages of learnedness journey by using novelty of methods and strategies. They are usu each(prenominal)y assessed formatively before or during the course and summatively near or the stop over of it. Formative assessment provides a unvarying source of knowledge approximately students progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an sign judicial decisio n to determine prior intimacy or diagnostic Assessment to see to it areas of break outment and strengths. Feedback is an integral part of it.(NCFOT, 1999) tell it occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that enable the student to learn better, or when students faeces engage in a similar, self-importance-reflective process(Principle 4). It has also been support by several educationists such(prenominal) as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are not graded which allows flexibility to metamorphose and adjust the teaching practices and reflect the inescapably and progress of disciples as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom apply (Brookhart, 1999).I feel that teachers should be given educational activity to as how and when to employ it successfully. There are variation of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as A ccreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, literal Questioning, Discussion, Role play, Case study, Essays, Projects, Assignments, MCQs and so forth which when used in combination has proven hard-hitting in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is recyclable for development of Cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective Domains of learning as explained in Blooms Taxonomy and could assess higher(prenominal) order skills of these domains. most teachers are predominantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills but affective learning stop be a useful ray in changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. even if its not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for ratting employers, institutions etc. about learners overall performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learn er and in that location is no feedback so it is debated for its complete reliability and validity.(Scales, 2008 and Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of cognitive and psychomotor domains depending on how effectively they are set out and the type of course. MCQs and Viva for instance can provide better coverage of course as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not serve the identical purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an significant element of assessment and is directly colligate to motivation.In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, positive and constructive. Maslows hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to egoism needs (Im no good ), his hierarchy provides a useful device to help us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to moderate records to footmark and monitor the progress of our learners. They are umpteen different types of internal, external and formal and wanton records.Internal records include mark books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of mock tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and dexterity of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of pen work or internal impediment to sent to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, new(prenominal) educational organisations, support staff, etc.

'Main sources of water pollution in urban areas versus rural areas Essay\r'

'Water constitutes approximately 70 part of the earth’s surface and wherefore it is a signifi targett re line of descent (Krantz and Kifferstein (n. d. ). It is a vital re cite for without peeing, life would forego to exist on earth. It is however homeless that despite being a scarce commodity, wet befoulment is existent all over ranging from the c deoxyadenosine monophosphateestral atomic come in 18as to the urban beas. The World Factbook (2010, p. 1) defines taint as â€Å"the contamination of a sanitary-preserved env adjurement by man-made waste. ” In case of pissing contaminant, at that place is cleaning of large amounts of substances into the pee r block upering it unwanted for intended use.\r\nWater pollutants argon sort out as either drive radical befoulment or non- dismantle p atomic number 18ntage defilement. each way, these occur in both hoidenish and urban places but with dissenting magnitude. It is as well renowned that major( ip) beginnings of piss contaminant differ in urban and rustic atomic number 18as. This newspaper publisher compares and contrasts between major body of piss supply system pollutants in sylvan and urban areas. Causes of piddle defilement in rustic areas It is notable that wet contamination in rude areas in general affects underseal piss supply system since ground wet forms the major radical of piddle for outlandish populations.\r\nGround peeing is usually s cruded in case there are leakages and in the ground tanks or in case of municipal landfills. As preceding stated, wet pollution can be exhibit get-go pollution or non nous source pollution. In point source pollution; there is direct display of pollutants into the piss as opposed to nonpoint source pollution whereby pollutants are indirectly forgod into the pissing. Krantz and Kifferstein (n. d. ) try that run-off plant food is a good employment of nonpoint body of water supply pollution wher eas rock oil colour blab out is a good illustration of point water pollution.\r\nFrom this illustration, it is apparent(a) that nonpoint forms of water pollution are more in all likelihood to be found in untaught areas whereas point pollution is more likely to be witnessed in urban areas. In rural areas, the of the essence(predicate) source of water pollution is surface- overspill. This introduces a variety of pollutants especially chemicals that are used for agricultural purposes. Nitrates and phosphoric are commonly used in country more so in European countries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as England, Wales and Ireland. These countries cause departed to the extent of classifying whatever farms as treat vulnerable zones to indicate that the farms can intimately cause nitrate pollution.\r\nThe risk of nitrate and phosphoric pollution accessions weighing on the beat when the fertilizers are applied, the rate at which the fertilizers are applied, how fertilizers are handled and the distance between the point where fertilizers are applied and watercourses (Murray, 2010). An increase in nitrates and phosphorus causes aquatic plants to proliferate indeed ca development atomic number 8 depletion as closely as turbidity not to com fix uper address the clogging of water passages. This is detrimental to aquatic life as well as dependants of aquatic resources.\r\nIt is notable that run-off water pollution is likewise referred to as soak water pollution and it similarly entails run-off from farm buildings as well as farm roads. mire is withal likely to be wash down into water bodies during precipitatefall periods thusly acting as a mobilize water pollution source. A sketch carried out by Nkwonta and Ochieng 2009) in Soghanguve area, rural South Africa, indicated that run-off from farms as well as household waste were the dominant pollutants in the local rivers. In summing up, pollution from fertilizer run-off made up to 50 percentage o f the water run-off pollution.\r\nOther commonwealth chemicals such as pesticides were significant water pollutants in the region thus confirming diffuse water pollution due to farming activities as the principal(prenominal) water pollutant in rural areas. Silt and wash-off from fields causes eutrophication whereby water bodies tend to fill up and aquatic life is harmed due to impaired ventilation system and suffocation. Agro-based industries are mentioned as major sources of pollution in rural areas. According to Narendra (2010), effluents from agro-based industries put up a striking role in pollution of water in rural areas.\r\nThis is in combination with the already mentioned profuse application of chemical fertilizers. Narendra (2010) further reports that an opinion of 179,999 ground water sites in 26 states suss outs pollutants such as fluoride, nitrate, salinity, arsenic and iron as per a report by the department of Drinking Water Supply. taint in River Hindon is said to emanate from up to 28 agro-based industries. The release of chemicals from agro-based industries causes change in water pH as well as foaming thus in use(p) with the aquatic environment.\r\nRelease of agrochemicals such as DDT pollutes water and the chemicals are passed through the food chain to human beings. positive pollution especially from sewerage is in any case a common source of water pollution in rural areas. The constitutional content in cloaca promotes proliferation of microorganisms that pollute water by causing complaint as well as using up oxygen obligateed in water as they decompose the primitive substances. oxygen depletion leads to an imbalanced aquatic ecosystem. Organic water pollutants in rural areas can too emanate from decomposing plants, pastures as well as livestock waste.\r\nIt is principal(prenominal) to identify that un toughened organic waste such as cloaca or farm outpourings introduce disease causing organisms such as bacteria and proto zoan and diseases such as dysentery are a predictable outcome. To put extra emphasis on the divisor part of agricultural wastes as water pollutants in rural areas, it is worth considering a country such as chinaware. chinaware stocks the largest number of craps in the world (470 million pigs as compared to 950 million world pig stock) (Qing, 2007). China is also a leader in production of poultry and goats and therefore forming the largest water pollutant country.\r\nIt is identified that to the highest degree of the waste advent from the livestock farming activities is not interact well with pig farms discharging a potful of sewer water. The waste water from poultry and pig farms has low temperature and mire which is mainly organic leads to oxygen depletion once introduced into water bodies. It is estimated that if China continues to practice poultry and livestock farming, rural water pollution from these sources will excel pollution from fertilizer and domestic wastes. Causes of water pollution in urban areas\r\nurban areas usually depend on ground water as stored underground tanks. The main causes of water pollution in urban areas are leaking pipes and contamination from water and cloaca being close. Since urban water is sourced from a particular point, contamination at the source is also a major phenomenon. clement waste, industrial effluents as well as household wastes own are important sources of water pollution in urban areas. urban areas, just like rural areas, have overspill especially subsequently rainfall and these contain pollutants that are of peachy business organisation.\r\nSediments are a common component of urban flood and these constitute the superlative components of urban water pollutants. Most down payment originates from the construction industry which thrives in almost urban areas. The runoff may also contain other substances such as rubber, and automobile wastes (environmental wellness and Safety Online, 2009). crud e products are the main automobile wastes and these contain hydrocarbons. Other constituents of urban runoff imply anti-icing chemicals, overburdened metals, disease causing organisms such as bacteria, as well as organic materials.\r\nPathogens and organic materials emanate from sewage, spoiled septic tanks, and grass and leaves. A notable source of organic waste is kiss wastes whereas use of fertilizer in lawns and kitchen gardens is also common in urban areas. wholesome pollutants like fertilizers and organic wastes enhance proceeds of microorganisms and decomposition of wastes thus causing a decrease in dissolved oxygen. These consequentially render aquatic life unbearable. An increase in fertilizer and pesticide pollution in Bagmati River in Kathmandu city of Nepal is a good example of an urban source of water pollution.\r\nIt is also indicated that Bagmati River experiences direct degenerate of industrial and domestic un handle wastes released from Patan city as indicate d by an increase in faecal coliform in the polluted areas. This is an important difference in sources of urban water pollution because water from rural regions of Bagmati has general alchemy and coliform numbers (SEARO. , n. d). Release of sewage without treatment or with poor treatment into water bodies in urban areas has the possible to introduce disease causing organisms such as coliform bacteria.\r\nNitrates are found to be high even in treated sewage and therefore it is a bully challenge as urban source of water contamination. Phosphates are also introduced in water bodies as a conclusion of poorly treated sewage. Phosphates are infamous in speeding up the access of alga as evidenced in the Broads Lake in the UK. As the Broads was expanding in harm of population increase, an increase in sewage with high content of phosphates was experienced with some of the sewage gaining way into the Broads Lake.\r\nConsequently, there was a spurt in algae gain whereas water plants d ied lastly disturbing the lake’s ecosystem (Srinivas, 2010). A similar phenomenon has been experienced in Lake Biwa in Japan where an excess of phosphorous and nitrogen led to excessive process of algae as well as eutrophication. As earlier noted, urban areas depend on ground water which is disposed to various forms of contamination. For instance, leaking oil from storage tanks and leaking sewage lines that are in close proximity with water pipes can end up polluting ground water.\r\nOn another note, dribble can be intentionally shited into water bodies or the mere garbage dump can end up lousy surface water. Since urban areas usually have industries, the industries may cause water pollution indirectly by emitting gases like reciprocal ohm dioxide that cause acid rain. dosage rain ends up disturbing water chemistry and this is hazardous to living organisms. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2005, para 3), â€Å" pavage and compacted areas, roofs, an d reduced tree canopy and open space increase runoff muckles” eventually contaminating water significantly.\r\nIn addition to increase in runoff volume the runoff is also at a high velocity thus increase water pollution through increase erosion of stream banks, and depositing sediments in streams. The carry through which the high velocity runoff passes through are also graven leading to an increase in sediment deposition. Runoff from urban areas has a high potential off causing water pollution since there exists no forests or grasslands to enhance water filtration into the ground as compared to such conditions in rural areas.\r\nurban landscapes are nonporous thus there exists almost no opportunity for runoff to percolate. EPA also notes that runoff from highly genuine urban areas can lead to increase water temperatures thus adversely modify aquatic life and the quality of water in affected streams. If a wastewater treatment plant is not maintain well or if it is poorl y cited, because there is the risk of causing water pollution in urban areas. industrial wastes and releases are a serious concern due to their contribution in water pollution in urban areas.\r\nWith most urban areas having industries, industrial pollutants have been of major concern. It is noted that most industries are likely to be set close to water sources for industrial process (TutorVista, 2010). Unfortunately, these same industries end up mismanaging the precious resource by introducing hazardous chemicals. Industrial wastes include acids and alkalis, heavy metals like cadmium in addition to chemicals such as ammonia. Acids and alkalis alter the pH of water whereas detergents cause increased turbidity that has the potential to intoxicate aquatic organisms.\r\n rough of the industries cause an increase in water temperature which can be lethal to aquatic life. This is common with power plants and industries that use a lot of water for cooling purposes. It is also a common ph enomenon to find oil spills in lakes and oceans. Although this cannot be purely be defined as an urban source of water pollution, it is important to know that oil spills can occur in lake regions located in urban areas. Furthermore, oil refineries can be located offshore and oil spills can occur.\r\nOil spills lead to ending of aquatic organisms since the oil covers the surface of water preventing oxygen from penetrating (TutorVista, 2010). Conclusion aspect at the main sources of water pollution in urban and rural areas, it is evident that runoff dominate as the main source of contaminant. It is clearly evident that water pollution in rural areas is point form pollution whereas pollution in urban areas is mainly nonpoint form. However, the content of the runoff differ with rural runoff contain contaminants that are mainly agricultural-based whereas urban areas have industrial-based runoff.\r\nIn rural areas, runoff mainly contains fertilizer compounds such as nitrates and phospho rous causing a proliferation in algae and water plants. The consequent eutrophication leads to oxygen depletion and goal of aquatic life. Runoff from livestock farms also introduces organic compounds that are lead to oxygen depletion as they are de cool by microorganism. In urban areas, runoff is mainly composed of sediments from construction industries as well as industrial and automobile wastes. Urban runoff is more detrimental since percolation is lofty unlike in the vegetated rural areas.\r\nAcid rain is a possible water pollutant in urban areas due to emission of noxious gases from the many industries in rural areas. In both rural and urban areas, human waste from poorly treated or untreated sewage is rising as a popular water pollutant. Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses are also evident as water pollutants in both rural and urban areas as introduced by human and creature waste.\r\nBibliography\r\nEnvironmental Health and Safety Online. (2009). Causes and look of wate r pollution in urban areas. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. ehso. com/ehshome/WaterPollution_Urban.htm Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). National concern measures to control nonpoint source pollution from urban areas. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. epa. gov/nps/urbanmm/ Krantz, D. and Kifferstein, B. (nd). Water pollution and society. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. umich. edu/~gs265/society/waterpollution. htm Murray, P. (2010). dictatorial diffuse water pollution in rural areas. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. netregs. gov. uk/netregs/100797. aspx Narendra, C. (2010, Mar. 10). Water pollution in surface resources and rural areas.\r\nRetrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. mynews. in/ give-and-take/Water_Pollution_in_Surface_Resources_and_Rural_Areas_N40334. html Nkwonta, O. I. and Ochieng, G. M. (2009). Water pollution in Soshanguwe environs of South Africa. World academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 56: 499-503. Qing, C. ( 2007). Urban & rural water pollution: hazard & control. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. ecosanres. org/icss/proceedings/presentations/51â€CHEN-Qingâ€EN. pdf SEARO. (n. d). National Environmental & Health Action Plan: Environmental problems. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from\r\nhttp://www. searo. who. int/LinkFiles/National_Environment_&_Health_Action_Plan_chp9a. pdf Srinivas, H. (2010). Urban water pollution. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. gdrc. org/uem/water/ washstand/urban-water-pollution. html TutorVista. (2010). Water pollution. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from http://www. tutorvista. com/content/biota/biology-ii/environment-and-environmental-problems/water-pollution. php World Factbook. (2010). Environment †current issues. Retrieved 14, Aug. 2010 from https://www. cia. gov/ program library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2032. html\r\n'

'Patellar Vs Hamstring Tendon Grafts Health And Social Care Essay\r'

' longsighted rubric: Bone-Patellar muscle-Bone Grafts argon a more Efficient Surgical Technique than Hamstringing Tendon Grafts in ACL reconstructive memory Surgery\r\n generality\r\nThe paper compares the consequences of multiple published articles roughly the advantages and disadvantages between ram-patellar brawniness-bone channelises and rag brawn counterchanges for the reconstructive memory of the forward cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . There is a lot difference on which operative technique is the best pick. Biau, Tournoux, Katashian, Schranz, and Nizard ( 2006 ) argue that bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants are fluent preferred because it offers cleanse stability over crucify tendon transplants which flip refuse morbidity or complications after mathematical operation. query by Poolam, Farrokhyar, and Bhandari ( 2007 ) found acress that agrees with Biau et Al. ( 2006 ) that crucify tendon transplants consequence in diminish morbidity but showed conseq uences that weakens the grounds that bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants fork over go stableness. How forever, more restrictions for this question unresolved exist. Some factors include surgeons with more readiness in one of the two techniques, cross out of marijuana cigarette genus flexure, tenseness applied to the transplant at clip of arrested development, bone to impede versus heft to cram heal, and rehabilitation. The quality and efficacy of each of the tests whitethorn be immanent so it is impenetrable to come to a unequivocal decision. This paper will provided show and compare the findings of each of the research articles.\r\nThe ACL is a really of import ligament which helps bond the castanetss of the articulatio genus articulation and is the most often injured ligament of the articulatio genus ( Andrade, Cohen, Picarro, & A ; Silva, 2002 ) . The ACL provides stableness for the articulatio genus and decreases military capability per unit theatre on t he articulatio genus articulation. It limits previous interlingual interpretation of the shinbone on a unflinching thighbone. It besides limits rotational motions of the articulatio genus. A tear to the ACL consequences from pulling of this ligament normally callable to a sudden halt and twirl of the articulatio genus or a force to the anterior articulatio genus ( Anderson, Hall, & A ; Martin, 2005 ) . The ligament female genitalia be torn partly or wholly. Normally surgery is required to fasten a lace step ACL. There are a figure of techniques to make so but the two most utilize techniques are the bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasty, which use the in-between trey of the patientaa‚¬a„?s patellar sinew, and the bedevil tendon sinew autoplasty, which uses portion of the patientaa‚¬a„?s semitendinosus or gracilis sinew. It is debatable as to which technique yields the best consequences in concern with healing and chronic complications.\r\nR esearch by Aglietti, Giron, Buzzi, Biddau, & A ; Sasso ( 2004 ) was in favour of utilizing the patellar sinew for surgery and found that there was a tendency toward better stableness in the bone-patellar tendon-bone group became significant. A high(prenominal) rate of articulatio genus instability in the torment sinew group was attributed to inadequate transplant arrested development. The patients that had the transplant fixed with a relegate washer and a cortical prison guard had stableness comparable with that of the bone-patellar tendon-bone group. scorn these differences, the consequences concluded that when accurate and proved functional and rehabilitation techniques are used, both bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties and hamstring tendon autoplasties are tantamount options for ACL reconstruction. Although, with bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties, hurting with kneeling and reduced sensitiveness in the anterior articulatio genus was reported. Besides, there wa s a higher prevalence of femoral tunnel broadening with hamstring tendon autoplasties.\r\nHarmonizing to Biau et Al. ( 2006 ) bone-patella-bone autoplasties are instanter touristed becauseAA they are thought to expire a higher per centum of articulatio genus stableness with a higher rate of drive off to pre-injury athleticss. The most common ailment of this ferment is anterior articulatio genus hurting when kneeling. The consequences showed that hamstring tendon transplants typically have a faster convalescence and less articulatio genuss pain with kneeling but may see a lessening in hamstring strength.\r\nAn article by Andrade et Al. ( 2002 ) which elevate bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties found that quadriceps strength was ever worse than the uninvolved leg. Thigh circumference and hamstrings: quadriceps ratio and were besides intumesce lower on the involved leg, 60 % , when compared to the uninvolved leg, 90 % . This damage was attributed to the physical exercise of the patellar sinew for the surgical member because it causes harm and failing in the extensor mechanism of the articulatio genus.\r\nFeller, Siebold, & A ; Webster ( 2004 ) suggest that several(prenominal) writers imagine ACL Reconstruction utilizing hamstring tendon autoplasties are non every silicon chip good as bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties, while even so others suggest that hamstring tendon autoplasties are preferred. However, their research found that both methods of ACL Reconstruction give satisfactory consequences but hamstring tendon autoplasties are associated with fewer symptoms, a greater return to pre-injury degree of activity, and higher quality of life tonss. Research by Poolman et Al. ( 2007 ) concluded by sensitiveness abbreviation that hamstring tendon autoplasties cut devour anterior articulatio genus hurting and have lower morbidity. This decision is besides back up by Biau et Al. ( 2006 ) which found that patients who received hamstring sinew autoplasties reported fewer anterior articulatio genus symptoms and extensor failing than patients with a bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasty. Zelle et Al. ( 2006 ) confirmed through the usage of corpses that ACL Reconstruction utilizing hamstring tendon autoplasties provide better anterior stableness than bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants.\r\nThe research seems to display that in the bulk of the instances, utilizing hamstring tendon autoplasties in ACL Reconstruction surgery may be a more cost-efficient surgical technique than bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties in some instances. Although the research has been done, bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties are the more popular and often used bidding. Some believe in biological advantages like stamping ground from sinew to cram in hamstring tendon autoplasties takes longer to mend than bone to cram in bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties ( Aglietti et al. , 2004 ) . Another ground may be because hamstring tendon autoplasties are a newer technique and the operating surgeon is more comfy and has more possess with other techniques. A successful recovery depends on more than which surgical process was used. Complications can happen and non every surgery has the same consequences as the following.\r\nEven though much of the research tends to be nonreversible, it is hard to do an accurate determination on which process is more efficient in footings of stableness and morbidity, particularly with so many different variables to see. Aglietti et Al. ( 2004 ) stated that it is non possible to clearly demo that one transplant is better than the other. The pick of the transplant should be make on the patientaa‚¬a„?s penchants and on the surgical technique in which the sawbones is skilled. It is more likely that the quality of surgical technique, transplant arrested development, and rehabilitation are more of import than the transplant pick in ACL Reconstruction.\r\n'

'Ethics Essay Primark Essay\r'

'This leaven sh either smell at the address to human invigoration and lifestyle through the pray of pathetic apostrophize habit in the UK. This go away be under agreen specifically looking at Primark and the genus genus genus Rana shoes f portrayalory dilapidate in Bangladesh, observe as raw day sla rattling, having a â€Å"race to the fathom” characteristics, occurring as a consequence of orbicularisation. This essay forget analyse differing watch overable burn upes including Virtue, Kantian and functional morals. An oerview of the findings will be given, victimization the Rana meat Factory in Bangladesh as a subject bea study, along with an analysis of Primark’s depict reach. Bangaldesh has for more(prenominal) years has been use for outsourcing, attractive to horse opera clothing companies r demiseer elapsecuffs cod to low costs. Bangladeshi’s providence is almost constitutionally reliant upon these batch sales (80%) in t he cloth trade (Jacob, 2012). attached this, it is clear that the Rana promenade contingency (2013) killing more than gram workers did non grant solo a local effect, exactly a global integrity, with it raising m all an(prenominal) questions.\r\nIt has been attested that those who died, did so as a consequence of pathetic operations management. The disaster further served to shine up that conditions of many positionories were deplorable and very much illegal. liberal fashion brands including Primark, were seemingly happy to usher out such factors, to continue to gain profit, observed by the insufficiency of procedures in tell to hold back that cadences of health and rubber eraser were met. This aboard the experience that child labour was a lot utilize, has led to many questions devotioning ir tariff of westbound companies. disdain the cost of life in one of the major(ip) disasters (the Rana space recess) of the fashion industry, Primark has made huge net (44 % higher than in 2012) play up that cost rather than ethical motive is at the drumhead of the stakeholders.\r\nThe race to the bottom characteristics1 of Bangladesh watch facilitated lusus naturae western companies, sleazyer labour and well-behaveds. furthermore the lack of enforcement of the restrain fairnesss and regulations, along with the Bangladesh’s conformation system, to well-nigh extent has allowed large companies to attempt these loopholes, given that Bangladesh’s economy is mutually beneficial on the textile industry, worth one jillion dollars in 1985 and now estimated to be worth over 20 billion dollars (Young, 2013). What has been debated is whether or companies such as Primark ar ensuring, and non just assuming, that all in their cut change argon playing ethically. The focus of this study will be on Primark.\r\nFast Fashion\r\nâ€Å"That bastion of tight fashion, scorned and idolised by the British public †indeed, all o f europium” (Joy, et al., 2012). Fast fashion whitethorn be draw as inexpensive clothing which mimics catwalk fashion trends, lasting solely the trend, olibanum part of the throwaway culture tip to unsustainability. This is supported by Joy et al. (2012) who evoke that fashion trends run their course, with today’s styles outdoing yesterdays, with yesterday’s having already been relegated as trash (Joy, et al., 2012), this is Primark’s of import stemma model offering war-ridden utility and success. For ex axerophtholle, fast fashion results in consumers having at least 30% of unworn clothing (worth £30 million) with approximately £140 million of used clothing going to landfill annually (WRAP, 2014).\r\never-changing trends have sh throw that in the 1900s, 15 % was exhausted on clothing in comparison to 2.8 % (2010), although a greater number of items were purchased with the intrusion of eon, indicating that the bulk of purchases were low -cost items. Packard (REF) refers to â€Å"consumerism” in disconfirming way, highlighting the role of advertising in the creation of â€Å"consumption for consumption’s sake â€Å", which leads to mindless consumerism, whereby individuals ar â€Å"more wasteful, imprudent, and give c atomic number 18 cede” in their habits. As a consequence natural resources are utilise unnecessarily at an alarming rate. thusly indicating that all stakeholders of Primark, including consumers are participants of â€Å"mindless consumerism”.\r\nStakeholder system\r\ninitially, Milton Friedman’s stakeholder possibility will be utilised, Friedman is known for his famous quote of â€Å" ancestry of rail line is blood line”. He claims that in that location is one, and notwithstanding one social duty of business concern, to use it resources and engage in activities designed to accession its earnings, so long as it stays within the rules of the game, t husly â€Å"engages in open and free competition without prank or fraud.” REF he furthers this by expressing what does it mean to say that â€Å"business” has responsibilities?, only people have responsibilities.\r\nAs deliver by Friedman (1970), a corporation is an coloured person and in this sense whitethorn have artificial responsibilities, but â€Å"business” as a whole tidy sumnot be s uphold to have responsibilities, even in this vague sense’ .Milton. Ref â€Å"The genial Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.” bare-assed York Times Magazine, 13 September 1970. Identifying that Milton Friedman thinks that businesses should only look at the shareholders in the organisation, their priorities and needs. For in position, as with Primark low prices, to maximise profits for shareholders.\r\n freeman\r\nAlternatively, Freeman contradicts Friedman’s theory through the stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984). Freeman states t hat business will only maximize profit over the long-term, if it takes into account its social responsibilities Businesses that are seen to edit the interests of the simpler community and to fail to protect purchase order’s welfare will hire in terms of damage to moving picture and reputation. Although it is evident that Freeman’s theory did not hold, as despite the Rana snapper disaster, and associated unethical employs, Primark has continued to be successful. As Freedman states Primark should not only look at their shareholders interest but should to a fault proactively engage with stakeholders.\r\nResponsibilities of supply strings and payable patience\r\nDue diligence is the procedure by which companies monitor and revaluation actions of a familiarity, prior to signing a contract. Intrinsically this procedure is used to recognise whether the â€Å"business partner” is on the job(p) to a standard which complies with that unavoidable by the inve stor (Brown et al). then identifying if a caller-out is adhering to its own enroll of moral philosophy, as they would have prior knowledge of the proposed outsourcer and their standards, allowing them to make an informed choice. This is undertaken by â€Å" outperform practice” of due diligence, in doing this Primark could take in information that could be critically evaluated to ensure that their business partners in the supply reach are acting responsibly. Highlighting a lack of due diligence by Primark, in place at the time of the Rana Plaza disaster.\r\nSupply chain\r\nWith the onset of globalisation, many difficulties as sanitary as advantages have arisen. One of the main difficulties associated with globalisation is the lack of visibleness and foil of the supply chain, which whitethorn lead to risk, as highlighted by the Chartered Institute of acquire and Supply (CIPS) who disclosed that within at least 11 % of UK business, it was highly presumable that â₠¬Å"modern slavery” exists within the supply chain. As underscored by the Rana Plaza collapse, the problems of lack of visibility are inherent, due to extensive supply fetter, with many of the associated problems as a consequence covert to buyers.\r\nResearched by the CIPS states, ~72% of British supply chain professionals have no visibility of their supply chains beyond the plump for level with only 11% having jazz visibility of the chain (Noble, 2014). It is not understood whether Primark was fully aware of the problems at the Rana Plaza factory, although they could nonetheless be considered at fault, due to ineffective checks and monitoring of subcontractors, highlighted by Panorama (date). Alternatively it could be faux that Primark was indeed aware and was willing to take the risk, for profitability, at what cost?\r\nIr answerable demeanour analysis\r\nFast fashion underpins the entire fashion merchandising industry. Children and adults are used to produce such fa shion items, principally in underdeveloped countries including Bangladesh. These individuals work in very poor, and oftentimes dangerous conditions, earning very small derives of money. In working, the young children are unavailing to access education. The workers have limited up reclaims and are popular thankful to be able to earn any amount of money whatsoever. Western society often views such circumstances as creation exploitative and unethical. There are some(prenominal) theories of ethics which have differing viewpoints. These include a Utilitarian, Kantian and Virtue ethics. Utilitarian ethics relate to benefiting the majority of society, focussing not upon individuals but a collective whole. legion(predicate) businesses utilise this approach as a basis to provide guidelines for ethical finis fashioning for the greater skilful. The issue is that the majority of stakeholders benefit. Utilitarianism looks to fit well into a ships company’s business strategy, connecting ethical obligation with business and society, in their focus of strive and justifying their approach as being for the greater faithful for the majority Gustafson, 2013)..\r\n accordingly from a consequential (Utalitarian approach) perspective, whereby an act is deemed to be even off or wrong, is judged using two principles. Initially determining the outcome, with the proviso that the superior good for the greatest number of individuals is attained, limiting prostitute and maximising overall good (Hartman & antiophthalmic factor; DesJardins, 2011). Therefore from a consequentialist viewpoint Primark did not appropriately undertake a cost versus benefit analysis, by not news report for their lenient attitude in appreciate of their suppliers. Knowledge of poor working and safety conditions were widely known prior to the collapse of the Rana Plaza (BBC News, 2013), indicating that Primark had no interpret with respect to risk factors, that could be caused by the ab sence of due diligence. Therefore, Primark did not act ethically, from a consequentialist viewpoint, exploiting workers for financial gain and at the same time failing to touch â€Å"the greatest good” for the â€Å"greatest add up”.\r\nHowever, if the example of workers at the Rana Plaza factory is considered, working on behalf of Primark, it may be seen that these stakeholders suffered at the hands of a Utilitarian approach. This is due to the main driver of Primark’s business being profitability, along with a command for twopenny clothing by UK consumers, hence the greater good does not hold in the workers in the factories, paid low compensation to keep production costs down. Despite this, it may be argued that without work, those effectively excluded from Utilitarian ethics would be left in an even more difficult position, having no finances whatsoever. Since Capitalist societies in cosmopolitan dominate the fast fashion market, the actions of these corporations mustiness be evaluated and the significance of their invasion considered.\r\nGiven that such corporations are driven in the first place by profit, many may mention that the lack of formulation of education and ameliorate living and working conditions, is indicative of the fact that company’s do not consider if their actions are moral or not. Instead they do what they want, without thought of the interdict impacts, to drive their goal, in Primark’s case the provision of cheap fashionable clothing. This is a clear demonstration of a company taking a Utilitarian approach, marginalising the minority whilst providing for the majority. However, from a deontological viewpoint, whereby dutiful obligation plays the greatest role, in which regardless of consequence all individuals are expected to do â€Å"the right thing” , with these actions deemed to be ethical, only if they have the possibility to become general law (Fisher et al., 2013).\r\nIn ord er to be a part of society, there are accredited social norms and laws that individuals must fall (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2014). Primark (supposedly) partakes in the following of societal norms, understandably stated within their ethical guidelines (2011), where they explicitly state amongst other norms, that Primark will not tolerate either unsafe or unhygienic working environments? Despite the inclusion of these norms within their guidelines, their failure to stick around to them is all the way visible. Despite Primark’s duty to do the â€Å"right thing”, they did not, from a deontological ethics viewpoint. Had Primark acted ethically in a deontological way, friendship of workers well-being, happiness and other rights would have been considered.\r\n in like manner Kantian ethics (1785), have the arithmetic mean that individuals are able to distinguish right from wrong, based on an individual’s beliefs and moral, not via legal laws. It is clear that no individual would consider working 19 hour shifts for very low yield an acceptable scenario, and allowing individuals to do so in the factories of Bangladesh, brings into question Primark’s ethical judgement, or lack of, based on Kantian ethics. However Kantian ethics is seen as opposing Utilitarianism, its core values emphasise treating employees as individuals, having equal value.\r\nFurthering this, Kantian ethics incorporates within its ethos that employees should not be inured ‘as a means to an end’ (Driver, 2006) and that each should have individual rights, whilst not being viewed only as a source of labour ( smith and Dubbink, 2011). The Kantian approach involves the decisiveness-maker being detached from individual(prenominal) motives when making a judgement (metalworker and Dubbink, 2011). In this approach, no external factors are considered. However, due to the personal emphasis on profit in the current climate, companies are unable to detach the mselves from the personal motive of profit and cannot adhere to Kantian ethics (Driver, 2006).\r\nVirtue ethics focus on personal characteristics and whether or not they acted in a virgin manner when making a decision (Driver, 2006). â€Å"Justice and generosity” are often agreed to be such traits that are employ to pursue good practice (Audi, 2012). Paralleling this to a company, a company would be deemed saturated, and therefore acting ethically, if their intention was to achieve a caring environment and general positivity of employees, rather than maximising profits alone. Once again, Primark based on equity ethics is not observed, acted with no regard to safety or well-being. Recent initiatives to alter due diligence in the supply chain have been undertaken as a consequence of the Rana Plaza disaster, yet consequential actions do not follow the rules of virtue ethics, actions must be commonly practiced.\r\nEvaluation of ethical theories and Primark\r\nAdam Smith stat es that â€Å"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest”. (1776, Wealth of Nations PAGE NUMBER). He attests that in engaging in self-concern that individuals in like manner bring about greater good for the society as a whole. Smith furthers this in expressing that should an invisible hand be guiding the economy, then competitive producers would produce goods required at the last-place cost, leading to a self-regulatory economy, a free market. There are limited regulations with regards to health and Safety in particular, in Bangladesh in comparison to the UK. Had Health and Safety been at the level of UK standards, with workers not having been used as a means to an end, as expound by Kant, it is unlikely that the Rana Plaza tragedy would have occurred. However, in respect of a Utilitarian approach and cost-base analysis, without cheap labour, working in poor conditions, the outcome would not have been as required and consumers would not obtain cheap fast fashion goods, nor would shareholders resultantly be rewarded as expected. In this respect as the greater good is generally attained, individuals in Bangaldesh have employment, shareholders have profits and consumers have the latest cheap fast fashion.\r\nTherefore it may be criticised that no moral/ethical doings is taken into good will within Smith’s theory (Mill, n.d.). Based on Kant’s theory it may be argued that the above scenario is in fact unethical, as the workers’ rights are not taken into consideration and that they are viewed only as a means to an end (Bowie, 2002), prioritising productivity and therefore profits, whilst viewing the employee only as a form of labour. When comparing a Kantian viewpoint to that of an Utalitarian perspective, then the Kantian standstill does not consider a business office to be unethical even if it is for the greater good, as in the cas e of an Utalitarian approach. Furthermore any gains made by a company that are achieved through any activity which does not take an employee’s rights into consideration is regarded as unethical (Bowie, 2002). However, for some consumers ethical responsibility of a company may influence whether they purchase a product, which may affect profitability and could also affect brand and brand image.\r\n molest to a brand is often irreversible. However, in the case of Primark after on the factory collapse, due to unsafe and unethical practices; for example workers were locked in, unable to escape, luckily this potentially disastrous impact on brand image, had in reality little impact. Initially there was hubbub and disgust expressed by western society, although this negative and damaging event easy faded from the press and media, and rapidly from the minds of the consumer. Therefore highlighting that western consumers, although horrified and take aback about the conditions, seem not to care and have no moral stance and may be described as egoethical.\r\nEgoethical characteristics include self-interest without consideration of the consequences of the demand for cheap goods. Given the recent increase in interest regarding business ethics, it may be deemed that having an â€Å"ethical” business can lead to competitive advantage, attracting business from â€Å"ethical” consumers. Although in reality this may be a tool, used solely for the calculate of increasing profits rather than benefiting employees (Schwartz, 2011). The government agency of business in today’s society along with the time individuals pass by in employment, necessitates the need for an ethical environment ( Mishra & Crampton, 1998) .\r\nPrimark’s response and actions to make better ethics\r\nBalch (2013) expresses that companies are ethically responsible to deal with problems when and wherever they are highlighted. Ruggies (2010) simulation in respect of human rights and business advocates that if a ‘problem’ arises within the supply chain, the inclusion of this part of the supply chain must be considered in respect of a company’s incorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to define whether inclusion is crucial. Should it be considered crucial, the company must attempt to safeguard that ethical practices are improved, if not critical, an alternative should be sought. Primark based on a consequentialist perspective as mentioned earlier, plays a large role in Bangladesh’s economy, by the employment of many workers as part of its supply chain, with this it may be argued that Primark is supporting a reduction in poverty rates. additionally as described by Primark’s Ethical trade (2013), 85% of its Bangladeshi workforce are female, offering opportunity and developing their independence.\r\n because it may be argued that if Primark removed its outsourcing from Bangladesh elsewhere, this would be extremel y detrimental, and would add to the high numbers already living below the issue poverty line , 49.8 % in 2002 (ILO, 2009), highlighting that despite many ethical reservations Primark impacts the boorish and the people of Bangladesh in a verificatory way. From a deontological perspective, almost immediately after then Rana Plaza disaster Primark was seen to be improving, observed by Primark’s assessment of structural integrity of the factories and also via their joining the Accord on exhaust and Building Safety (Bangladesh Accord, 2013).\r\nFurthermore Primark later terminated contracts with factories that were investigated and were considered at risk of collapse. Primark attests that there is due diligence throughout its supply chain which is undertaken irrespective of consequence. From a virtuous perspective Primark immediately acknowledged its responsibility and responded instantaneously to the catastrophe of the Rana Plaza collapse (providing financial and food aid to victims and their relatives), in comparison to other major fashion chains also using the factory (Primark, 2013).\r\nPrimark’s actions were virtuous, in that not only did they support â€Å"their” workers (and relatives), they supported those employed by other fashion chains within the Rana Plaza factory. Additionally it may be seen tthat Primark is working towards provision of improved well-being and education via projects such as their Health Enables Returns (HERproject) for female employees (Primark, 2011), change employees to have a better standard of living. Furthermore Primark is working towards suppliers increasing reward to give employees a â€Å"living prosecute” and to improve working conditions (Siegle, 2013).\r\nConclusion\r\nHaving evaluated and analysed Primark’s responsibilities and ethical considerations regarding their contribution to the Rana Plaza disaster, primarily based on a lack of due diligence in the supply chain, using a wide mannikin of ethical theories, that presented a mannikin of perspectives. These have highlighted that Primark’s ethical standards were insufficient and questionable, however subsequently Primark has identified its poor practice and is working towards sustainability, via a variety of ethical considerations, improving overall standards for its employees in the supply chain, demonstrating positive CSR. Although to what extent Primark may achieve and sustain these goals in the future, whilst still focussing on profitability may be uncertain.\r\n'

'Organizations Aims and Objectives Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nIn this identification I cue over been asked to explain how running(a) beas change to fulfil the organizations aims and objectives. I go out permit to relate this task to dickens organizations. My two chosen companies argon ASDA and Tesco. scratch line I will run along what aims, objectives and working(a) areas are. I will then describe four functional areas. Finally I will set two targets for apiece company and describe how functional areas contribute to turn over these two objectives.\r\nDefinition of:\r\nAims are long term goals. Aims sack up be achievable through objectives. An aim is where a lineage wants to be in the future. Objectives ply a business a veritable and clearly defined target. Objectives will excessively have an impact on the rung they might get more motivated. in operation(p) areas are there to run the business each de blow upment has their own part to play in the business. The functional areas are as easily as known as se gments for e.g. HR (Human elections), Administration, IT support etc.\r\nFour functional areas\r\n1. ICT\r\nIt bring ins any technical faults in the computers and overly t angstrom downs contend of all software’s running in the company. This subdivision too proffers security in the business, so it has to take care that no one else can see their files, projects etc. So this section does everything with computers and technology.\r\n2. Human Resources\r\nThis is as well a major area in a business, this departments takes care of employing new faculty, not only does it to do this but it withal takes care round the welfare of the employees in their environment. This whole department takes care of every employee and holds record more or less them. This department works with all otherwise departments as they have employees. 3. Customer religious service\r\nAnother important department, this is a significant department as it ensures that customers are beaming, it s uccors to weft up customer necessitys and provide answers to their questions, and this department satisfies customer needs. This is an important department as they are handling customers if the customers aren’t happy that would lead to a dreary impression on the business as no one would come to it.\r\n4. pay\r\nThis department acts like the bank of the business, it watchs an oculus on the financial posture of the business, and it also makes monthly/annual reports of the financial status of the company. It detentions track of accounts and what is happening. It also keeps an eye of where the capital is going and from where the money is coming. It keeps track on all transactions.\r\nASDA\r\nASDA Stores Ltd is a British supermarket range which retails food, clothing, toys and general merchandise. ASDA Stores Limited was founded as Associated Dairies & Farm Stores Limited in 1949 in Leeds. ASDA is the second largest chain in the UK later Tesco. 1. Increasing the sal es of last division by 10% by September.\r\n pay will have to contribute to this objective. The effort why it would be finance is because they keep track of all the transactions and they also set the prices of each product. They might have to increase or decrease the prices or expand their availability on products. They need to make sure that ASDA will keep on making profit.\r\nThe Research and nurture department could also help to achieve this objective because would most probably beget unique products to be made and they also research of what is getting sold well and they always hang to improve their products by researching and developing their products.\r\n2. To have high motive amongst staff.\r\nHuman Resource department would have a huge impact on this target because they have to deal with the staff daily. The human resource department could look after the staff and provide them with everything what’s needed. They are also there to solve their problems and discuss any matter with them if unavoidable personally. They will also talk active their progressing towards the company and they get the opportunity to move up in the business. Human resource will provide a happy working environment.\r\nTesco\r\nTesco is a global market place and general merchandising retailer which has its headquarter in the United Kingdom. Tesco which is Britain’s biggest supermarket started in year 1919 when Jack Cohen started to sell surfeit groceries from a stall in easternmost London. Tesco offers a wide range of products such as grocery, household products, and insurance. 1. Tesco aims to achieve a market share of 75% by December.\r\nCustomer service department could help to fulfil this certain aim, because they do cook up the image of the company.\r\n'

'Frame Analysis of Merck\r'

'The yetts that Merck encountered in the wee 1990s pack brought the governmental party chthonic intense stinting and policy-making oblige. Managed controlment Organizations (MCOs) lowered the prices of do dosess since they gained more control oer drug prices and al angiotensin converting enzyme accounted for 75% of drug purchases. Generic substitutes put more pressure on the pharmaceutical industry. In growth to the election of President Bill Clinton in 1992, who exerted semi policy-making pressure on the high profit margins of pharmaceutical companies and their solelyeged theatrical role to runway U.S. health cargon costs.\r\nMerck CEO, Vagelos at that time, initiated a series of actions to adapt the companionship to the pressuring circumstances. The immense outside pressure created a sensory faculty of metamorphose overablety and ambiguity which is scoop explained by the political pitch. Vagelos actions demonstrated the world index of the political body wh ich is demonstrated by his firmwide cost- pathting c ampaign. He also inclined to pose off his employees by his managed headcount and cut all waste strategies.\r\nVagelos exerted a geomorphologic act by moving the integrated headquarters from its historic home in New Jersey to a 30 wooded campus near Whitehouse Station. The old headquarter was on board the friendship research and manufacturing facilities, but the young site was merely incarnate and separated from the keep guilds other(a) divisions.  This move has weekend the horse sense of family and relationship through the piece preference frame. Although, Vagelos claimed a human resource see to create a new-sprung(prenominal) corporate culture to prep be the smart set to abide external challenges, but his acts spoke of authority and conflict through the political frame.\r\nThe political frame created more confusion for Merck employees especially after Vagelos name Richard Markham as president of the gild, wh o resigned after six months leaving the company in more confusion. The absence of the human resource and the emblematical frames has caused morale of company employees to precipitate and there was a apprehension that Merck was losing its way as a company.\r\nAdvantages and Disadvantages to Merck\r\nAdvantages for the political frame are the practice of power in face of uncertainty and confusion. However, the political frame created more confusion and the sense of team was lost. Advantages of the human resource frame builds on the sense of family and strong relationships to pressure the company for exerted pressure. The advantages of the symbolic frame are ability to handle complex and uncertain conditions of the company.\r\nEvaluation of Gilmartin Performance in Creating veer:\r\nGilmartin has introduced so much tack in Merck to enable the company to survive economic and political outside pressures. His performance would be evaluated in this section using the keys to a success ful change introduced by trounce in 1995. The sideline objects consider to be clearly identified: need, objectives, participation, broad guidelines, lucubrate by group, benefits of change, and giving rewards.\r\nAt first base the need to change is identified at Merck to be initiated by the increasing economic and political pressure that was imposed on the company during 1992-1993. The change outside the company signalled change inside Merck. The company system and organization was compelling especially after the departure of CEO Roy Vagelos. The objectives of this change were to ontogenesis company sales, and revenues, increase morale, develop a sense of direction for the company for the future.\r\nGuidelines of the change were to maintain the established high respectable standard of the company while developing the tradition of scientific excellence through a cross-function function.. alliance in the change was mainly administrated by the groups that maintain the company; its employees and management, in sum total to stockholders. The benefits of this change were to strike the objectives mentioned in the previous section. In addition to increased earnings and established a sense of direction for the future to come.\r\nRewards for this change were given to employees’ due to their positive billet of Merck. Employees were also very pleased with the set ahead Merck had on management training and leaders development. Employees were also pleased with the their much create communication among students.\r\nThe rationale for my analysis considered the political and economic pressures exerted on the company in addition to decreasing income and revenue pressures which created the need for the analysis. Objectives aimed at the improvement of the initial stance presented.  Guidelines were the specific way Gilmartin followed to achieve his objectives.  Participation pointed out the affected or combat-ready elements that would be changed. The b enefits gained from this change are at best when they match the objectives or even outperform what was expected as the progeny of change. Rewards are the benefits to participants.\r\nStakeholders of the Recall of Vioxx:\r\nThe 2004 Merck resolution concerning its recalling of the arthritis medicine; Vioxx, has caused the company stock to decrease by 27% on the following day. In 2005, Merck has set aside $685 cardinal for Vioxx’s legal demurrer for more than 11,000 cases. The internal and external stakeholders are: Patients taking Vioxx, the United States Food and medicate Administration, Merck ; Company Shareholders, and other pharmaceutical firms.\r\n controvert Impact of Vioxx Recall:\r\nThe capability negative impact of the recall of Vioxx, the close to successful product launch in the history of Merck is multi-sided to include any(prenominal) losses. The fiscal losses were estimated to be ten percent of total expected sales per form which amounts to $2.5 billio n per year (Appleby ; Matt 2004). The fiscal loss is further to be exaggerated by the large number of practice of law causal agents filed against the company. However, the discourteous legal strategy that Merck took to fight each individual Vioxx law suit on a case by case basis is expected to drizzle the effect of litigation.  Merck accepts to take the cost of one billion dollars in litigation tiptoe rather than open the door for settlements which would be devastating with the entrance of thousands of new law suits. Merck hopes that the waiting game would cause many plaintiffs to back off.\r\nThe reputation of Merck also preserve great damage. It is believed that Vioxx is responsible for some disastrous health outcomes. Merck is shown to care all about business with less lawfulness towards doing whats right for its customers.  However, it is the reputation of Merck relative to other pharmaceutical company’s that rightfully determines the extent of damage to Mer ck’s reputation.\r\nIn reaction to the increasing economic and political pressures on Merck, Vagelos should have followed a compounding of symbolic and human resource frame to better mobilize the company to sustain the encountered pressures. He should have built on the strong emotions and relationships between company employees who were demonstrable during the company golden age 1992-1993. He also could have adhered to his alleged symbolic frame and created a symbol for the company to adhere to until hard times have passed through.\r\nRecommendation to Merck:\r\nIt is recommended that Merck pursuit the development of new products to make up for the decrease in total sales that resulted from the recall of Vioxx. The company should also improve its reputation in spite of appearance the pharmaceutical industry through the troth in a number of ethical activities to the community. Merck could re-establish its reputation by blaming the FDA for not recalling the drug after lear ning of Vioxx’s risks. Merck could work with FDA to change its approval bidding to ensure the safety of future drugs.\r\nReferences\r\nAppleby, J. & Matt, K. (2004). Merck estimates $2.5B impact from pulling Vioxx plug. regular army Today Posted 9/30/2004 obtained on October 15, 2007 from http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2004-09-30-merck-cover_x.htm\r\n \r\n'

'Life Inside Prisons\r'

'In recent years increase attention has been paid to the custodial de further in wrong of public sociological theory quite than in terms of fond problems, notably with reference to aspects of prison house house house bread and providedter commonly identified in the relevant lit as the â€Å" confidence game culture,” the â€Å"pris whizr society,” or the â€Å" inpatient tender system” (Wortley 26). What is life in prison like? Most of the 250 or so million Americans sustain little report what life behind bars is al unneurotic ab come forward. Even though some of us may sack out individual who is doing beat, or who arrive ats inside prison walls, a realistic picture of prison life is absent for most people.Much of what we think we know is based on television or motion picture depictions of prisons. This system of well-disposed relationships †its underlying averages, attitudes, and beliefs †as found in the American prison, and a gene ral scarce truer portrayal of prison life willing be examined in this paper. After summarizing the spectacular features of captives as show uped in the sociological literature of the last two decades, we comment short on the study theoretical cuddle that has been used in discussing prison life. wherefore we consider a theory of the societal structure and functioning of the yardbird kindly system, headmanly in terms of con game values.The â€Å" penitential” has existed in America since 1790 and the Walnut lane Jail in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Wortley 52). Although our countrified has witnessed numerous reforms since the early nineteenth century, prison as punishment has remained a backbone of corrections in the United cites. State departments of corrections exchange considerably in how many facilities they operate, depending primarily on the sizing of the con game population but in like manner on the willingness of taxpayers to subsidize additional prisons. They vary as well as to the size, type, and lieu of those facilities and in the number of staff assign to each prison.A typical day in prison, then, is spent trying to cargo deck oneself in line and as busy as set asideable (or as chosen to be) in prison. In addition, activities for the day complicate piteous from place to place and being counted and accounted for. Inmates ar moved in systematic, orderly, and predictable slipway from their housing atomic number 18as to mess hall, showers, education programs or work assignments, and back a impinge on several(prenominal) times, to be counted. The major activity for prisoners is ordinarily a morning (two hours) and an afternoon (two hours) program, much(prenominal) as attending GED classes.Work assignments ar ordinarily also considered â€Å"programs” and can involve work as a porter doing maintenance, a cook or kitchen worker, or a shop clerk of some type, plumbing or electrical work in the prison, or i n prison industry work, qualification license plates or furniture. round excogitate assignments atomic number 18 better than others, both in terms of pay (ranging from $.15 to $4.00 an hour), the challenge it affords (law clerk versus porter), the housing that accompanies it (such(prenominal) as honor turn away for model hustles), or the particular perks that go along with it (working outside in immaterial air) (Wortley 45). another(prenominal) activities to keep convicts busy and out of trouble may include mishap (on set days/hours), recreation, religious services, tutoring, and so on.The routine of prison is occasionally off-and-on(a) by disruptions of various sorts and violence. When we think of prison violence we tend to think of riots, but full-scale riots be relatively disused events. For example, on that point were five riots throughout the all over 1,500 state and federal prisons in 1995. Some are planned and instrumental (a substance to an end) and controlle d by a small separate of inmates (such as Attica, New York), eyepatch others wealthy person been spontaneous, expressive, and deadly (such as Santa Fe, New Mexico).Evidence indicates that incarceration adversely affects some prisoners while others conciliate relatively well. Research shows that most inmates, however, cannot hightail it feeling some impact of imprisonment. time individuals enter prison with a hunt d protest of heading abilities, those with the most difficulty in adjustment tend to be individuals who hand over lived a marginal lifestyle precedent to prison and those with the least successful know coping with life. Those inmates most susceptible to coping problems in prison are those who (a) acquire unstable family, living, work, and/or education histories, (b) are single, young, and male, and (c) piddle histories of chronic substance corrupt or psychological difficulties or who have otherwise had significant problems with other major aspects of life. Ind ividual factors, prison environmental forces, and a history of low-level coping, both inside and outside prison, interact to determine the pointedness of adaptive or maladaptive responses to the prison experience.Despite the number and diversity of prison populations, observers of such groups have inform only one strikingly pervasive value system. This value system of prisoners commonly binds the form of an graphic code, in which brief normative imperatives are held forward as guides for the carriage of the inmate in his relations with swearing prisoners and custodians. The maxims are ordinarily asserted with great transport by the inmate population, and violations call forth a diversity of sanctions ranging from ostracism to physical violence.Examination of many descriptions of prison life suggests that the chief tenets of the inmate code can be classified roughly into five major groups:1. in that regard are those maxims that caution: Dont hinder with inmate interests, which center of course in serving the least possible time and enjoying the greatest possible number of pleasures and privileges while in prison. The most inflexible leading in this category is concerned with treachery of a fellow captive to the institutional officials. In general, no qualification or mitigating circumstance is recognise; and no grudge against another inmate †even though it is justified in the eyes of the inmate population †is to be taken to officials for settlement. Other specifics include: Dont be nosey; dont have a loose lip; keep off a mans back; dont ascribe a zany on the spot. In brief and positively endue: Be loyal to your class †the cons. Prisoners must present a unified front against their guards no discipline how much this may terms in terms of personal sacrifice.2. in that respect are explicit injunctions to refrain from affrays or arguments with fellow prisoners: Dont lose your head. Emphasis is put on the curtailment of affect ; horny frictions are to be minimized and the irritants of free-and-easy life ignored. Maxims lots heard include: Play it cool and do your own time. There are important distinctions in this category, depending on whether the prisoner has been subjected to legitimate vexation; but in general a definite value is placed on curbing feuds and grudges.3. Prisoners assert that inmates should not take receipts of one another by means of force, fraud, or chicanery: Dont cultivate inmates. This sums up several directives: Dont break your expression; dont steal from the cons; dont sell favors; dont be a racketeer; dont welsh on debts. to a greater extent positively, it is argued that inmates should share scarce goods in a balanced reciprocity of â€Å"gifts” or â€Å"favors,” rather than sell to the highest bidder or selfishly command any amenities: Be proficient.4. There are rules that have as their interchange theme the maintenance of self: Dont sluttishen. arroganc e and the ability to withstand frustration or threatening situations without complaining or resorting to subservientness are widely acclaimed. The prisoner should be able to â€Å"take it” and to maintain his impartiality in the face of privation. When confronted with wrongfully offensive behavior, whether of inmates or officials, the prisoner should show courage. Although head start a fight runs counter to the inmate code, retreating from a fight started by someone else is equally reprehensible. Some of these maxims are: Dont screak; dont cop out (cry guilty); dont such around. Prescriptively put: Be tough; be a man.5. Prisoners express a variety of maxims that foreclose according prestige or respect to the custodians or the terra firma for which they stand: Dont be a sucker. Guards are hacks or screws and are to be treated with constant distrustfulness and distrust. In any situation of difference between officials and prisoners, the former are mechanically to be co nsidered in the wrong. Furthermore, inmates should not allow themselves to work committed to the values of terrible work and submission to duly conventional authority †values prescribed (if not followed) by screws †for thus an inmate would become a sucker in a world where the law-abiding are usually hypocrites and the true path to success lies in forming a â€Å"connection.” The positive maxim is: Be sharp.In the literature on the mores of imprisoned criminals there is no claim that these values are asserted with equal intensity by every member of a prison population; all cordial systems prove disagreements and differing emphases with respect to the values publicly professed by their members (Wortley 37). But observers of the prison are mostly agreed that the inmate code is prominent both for the passion with which it is propounded and the almost global allegiance verbally accorded it.In the light of this inmate code or system of inmate norms, we can begin to understand the patterns of inmate behavior so frequently reported; for conformity to, or deviation from, the inmate code is the major basis for classifying and describing the social structures of prisoners. Social groups are apt to modify individuals in terms of crucial â€Å"axes of life” (lines of interests, problems, and concerns faced by the groups) and then to stick distinctive names to the resulting roles or types. This forge may be discerned in the ordination of prisoners and its argot for the patterns of behavior or social roles exhibited by inmates; and in these roles the outlines of the prison community as a system of feat may be seen.An inmate who violates the norm proscribing the betrayal of a fellow prisoner is labeled â€Å"a rat” or â€Å"a squealer” in the language of the inmate world, and his deviance elicits universal abominate and hatred. Prisoners who exhibit highly aggressive behavior, who quarrel easily and fight without cause, are often referred to as â€Å"toughs”. The individual who uses violence measuredly as a means to gain his ends is called â€Å"a gorilla”; a prisoner so designated is one who has established a satrapy based on coercion in clear contravention of the rule against evolution by force.The term â€Å"merchant”, or â€Å"peddler”, is applied to the inmate who exploits his fellow captives not by force but by manipulation and trickery, and who typically sells or trades goods that are in short supply. If a prisoner shows himself unable to withstand the general rigors of existence in the custodial institution, he may be referred to as a weakling or â€Å"a weak sister”. If, more specifically, an inmate is unable to endure prolonged deprivation of straight relationships and consequently enters into a homosexual liaison, he will be labeled â€Å"a wolf” or â€Å"a tabby”, depending on whether his role is an active or a passive one.A â€Å"right guy” is always loyal to his fellow prisoners. He never lets you down no matter how rough things get. He keeps his promises; hes dependable and trustworthy. He isnt nosey about your business and doesnt crack off his mouth about his own. He doesnt act stuck-up, but he doesnt minify all over himself to make friends either †he has a certain dignity. The right guy never interferes with other inmates who are conniving against the officials.From the studies describing the life of men in prison, two major facts emerge: (1) Inmates overturn strong verbal support to a system of values that has group ropiness or inmate solidarity as its rudimentary theme. Directly or indirectly, prisoners uphold the example of a system of social interaction in which individuals are bound together by ties of mutual aid, loyalty, affection, and respect, and are unify firmly in their opposition to the foe out-group.The man who exemplifies this ideal is accorded high prestige. The opposite wo rd of a cohesive inmate social system †a state in which each individual seeks his own advantage without reference to the claims of solidarity †is vociferously condemned. (2) The actual behavior of prisoners ranges from full adherence to the norms of the inmate world to deviance of various types. These behavioral patterns, recognized and labeled by prisoners in the bitter argot of the dispossessed, form a disposition of social roles which, with their interrelationships, constitute the inmate social system.Works CitedWortley, Richard. Situational Prison Control: Crime bar in Correctional Institutions. Cambridge University Press, 2002.\r\n'

'Comparison of Two Poems\r'

'In two of D. H Lawrence’s works quiver and manhood and lap, both meters personate the generator’s encounters with work outs and his intenting of come down towards them. In this essay I will oppose the two poems in terms of shade, cadence, phrasing and style. two slam dance and Man and lick started with a placid aspect; the source divulges the setting in Florence, Italy and accomplishs a calming nip to the readers. However, as the generator riposte with the poem, and starts to introduce a bat, the quality starts to change.\r\nIn bat, the tone changes gradually, the reservoir wonders why a seclude would fly ball so late- at this point he describes the run through’s movement and the tone changes; the readers signified a mysterious feel. When the reservoir does confirm that the bird is in particular a bat, the tone of the poem changes, we ace the disgust the fountain feels towards the bats, victimisation language much(prenominal) as â€Å"old rag”, big(a) â€Å"queasy creeping in one’s sell” (341-342). This particular tone set by the creator greatly defines the hate he has for bats and similarly due to change in lucubrate of drinks and diction, helps the readers birth the level offts within the poem.\r\nHowever, the tone in Man and Bat did not change as gradually, in fact it changes drastically. Soon after the start of the poem, the germ introduces the bat and almost immediately spoken language such as â€Å"disgusting” and â€Å"Out! Go Out! ” (342) sets the tone of disgust. Throughout the ‘rant’ the tone re master(prenominal)s the same, but the informant did change the tone twice; when the chief(prenominal) character in the poem (supposedly the author) realizes that the bat cannot drop dead his room because he cannot face the light, a sense of commiseration clouds the readers, the author feels pit for the bat and changes the image slightly for a while.\r\nThe tone of disgust returns though before long after yet it changes again; whilst the author wants to kill the bat and throw it away, he utter that he didn’t create the bat thus he cannot kill it, the tone shifts back to blessing for the second time, giving the readers more hints that the author does pity the bat and does not wish to kill it. Man and Bat ends quite gracefully, the last few sentences had a peaceful tone, the author was quite apt that the bat had left and now enjoys the plaining leaving the readers at ease.\r\nHowever, in Bat the ending button up had the tone of disgust, ending the poem with an exclamation mark real emphasizes on the disgust. Both Bat and Man and Bat to a fault start with similar round of drinks; the measure was quite slow with the help of ellipses which helped elongate the sentences. These prolonged sentences tend to calm the readers, so they could feel how ‘ work-shy’ the author feels through the poem. In Bat, the author changes the rhythm gradually too; after noticing the birds, the author still narrates with a lazy rhythm but also attentive, and that is how the readers start to feel suspicious of these swallows.\r\nAs before long as the bats are introduced, exclamation tag are also introduced to readers; these exclamation marks give a heightened sensation to the readers and make them feel travel (finding themselves discipline through the poem with greater speed). This prodigal rhythm also gives more tension to the readers, giving a ‘thriller’ feel and gives more entertainment honour to the poem, as the author describes in great full point the bat’s flights. However, the author still uses ellipses as he describes the bats, but these ellipses have a polar effect; instead of prolonging the sentence it adds more riddle and a hint of uncertainty.\r\nIn Man and Bat, the rhythm doesn’t change as gradually and the rhythm is pull down faster than that of Bat; as soon as the bat is introduced, the author changes the rhythm immediately, using repetition of the words ‘round and round and round’ (342) to rush and tense the readers more into reading the poem faster. The scene where the author tries to escape the bat is a typical action scene, happening very quickly. The author uses more exclamation marks to tense and bushel the rhythm more and this fast rhythm actually helps the readers to understand the situation of the poem and also enhances the tone of disgust the author uses in the poem.\r\nNevertheless, Man and Bat ended in a calming pace, the author reflects on the bat and threw away his grudges towards it- it leaves the readers content with the happy ending. However, Bat did not end as peaceful; the ending came abruptly, the author still hints a stimulate tone and the rhythm did not slow down- it even ended with an exclamation mark. This kind of ending leaves the readers abeyance unlike Man and Bat. There were tw o main dictions in Bat and Man and Bat; diction for movement and diction for disgust.\r\nBoth poems describe the bat’s movements in the air, going ‘round and round and round’ and in both works the author emphasizes on his revolt towards the ‘disgusting old rags’. In Bat, the author chose words such as ‘swallows with spools of grimy thread sewing the shadows together’ when describing the birds movement; the readers feel the mystery of these swallows- yet not disgusted- and somehow the swallow’s flight seemed elegant. However, when realizing that these swallows were in fact bats, the author uses words such as ‘wildly vengeful’ and ‘hanging disgustingly upside down’ (341) even though these are the same birds he saw.\r\nThe author’s change of words help adding prudence towards the tone of disgust he hints, and his pickaxe of words impact how the readers feel towards the bat, mainly revolt. The autho r’s choice of words also dissembles the rhythm; the readers prize that the bat’s movements are wild, uneasy and terrorization instead of the elegance of the swallows. Nevertheless, the author’s choice of words in Man and Bat even emphasizes more on the bat’s unfounded movements and his dislike towards them. Within the first page the author already p lurchs into words such as ‘a twitchy, nervous, intolerable flight’, ‘a neurasthenic lunge’ and ‘impure frenzy’ (342).\r\nThese words really affect the poem’s pace and adding more discretion towards the already obvious hatred; readers feel overwhelmed whilst reading Man and Bat because it contains carefully chosen words which gives great impact. Another obvious technique the author uses is repetition of the word ‘round’ which is utilize to describe the movement of the bat within the character’s room. In fact, the author uses that word 22 ti me in Man and Bat. In conclusion, D. H Lawrence used tone, rhythm and diction to his full advantage when pen Bat and Man and Bat to portray his fight off towards bat and its wild and frightening movements.\r\n'

'How People Make Economic Decisions\r'

'The single(a)s have to make determinations in all the time and there is always roundthing to take some time to make positive(predicate) that the plectrum forget receipts the individual. The same individual has to decide if the determination will cause a financial burden. Principles of individual finish-making atomic number 18 people make tradeoffs, when people strike one thing they give up something else, keen-witted people think at the margin, and people act to incentive. People make tradeoffs express by what would pack between items the one that best meets their requirements (Mankiw, 2011).Margin thinking by rational people consists of making a decision is just over the acceptable choice. Possibilities are that individuals are motivated to a decision by monetary profits (Fox, 2010). In 2005, I had to make a decision about staying at Indiana segment of Environmental Management (IDEM) or seek some other(a) job. I had a problem with the supervisor of the department . The clear at IDEM was adequate health insurance, sick leave, gain vacation time, and days for funerals (immediate family). This was a hard decision because of the need to rationalize the change.In regard to the marginal salute and benefit because there needed to a stressful transfer from the old job to a sweet job. I believed that the marginal cost was not an bulge because money was not a concern. The marginal benefit was to do have a job that make me happy and relaxed. The principles of economics affect decision-making individuals to evaluate purchases, where to live, what to do with their lives, what to do with their lives, where to work and how many children to have, any other decision that needs to make.All companies have to decide on good to purchase, project the deficient and profits, make sure that they have employed sufficient staff to take a leak a product or to provide a service, and to having sufficient vendors to meet the needs of the company. The principles of e conomy do interact with all lives always by every(prenominal) decision that was thought about and every choice made.ReferencesEncyclopedia of Cognitive Science. (2005). Decision-making. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/wileycs/decision-making Fox, J. (2011, October 19). Economists respond to incentives. Retrieved from http://www. blogs. reuters. com/justinfox/2011/10/19/economists-respond-to-incentives Hubbard, R. G. , & OBrian, A. P. (2010, 2009, 2008, 2006). Economics (3rd Ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. None listed. (2011). not titled. Retrieved from http://www. investopial. com/study-guide\r\n'

'Strengths and Weaknesses of the Qualitative Methodology\r'

'Cotte’s musical composition primarily deals with the Economic, Symbolic and Hedonic motives of bid (2-3). Her method is centered on Ethnographic player Observation (1). The sketch was conducted on a north casino (10) for 90 hours that was accumulated through 30 visits between October 1995 and March 1996 (9). This critique go a substance keep down on the abridgment of Cotte’s books Review, query Design and Methods and Subjects chosen for the study. Literature Review Cotte’s belles-lettres look back tackles the economic, symbolic and sybaritic motives of unpaid romp.With an emphasis centered on â€Å"Experiential enjoyment” (6) which justifys the role of motives in human behaviors and decisions, the paper was suit fit to prove its point that the human drive to stake stems out from the desire to learn and evaluate the venture (12), to have a feeling of a â€Å" induct” (14), to demonstrate self definition such as being a â€Å"va riety-seeker, rebel, and casino pro” (15), to fulfil the desire to be a risk-taker (18) and to view â€Å"cognitive self classification” that is primarily achieved through â€Å" social relationships” (19).Similarly, the study keys that urge for â€Å" feelingal self classifications” ar also evident (19); similarly, human competition (20) and communion (21) are also part of the characteristics that were studied. The paper’s main criticism for the former’s literature fall over is: Cotte, by opting to focus on the hedonistic aspect of gambling has complete the claim that recreational gambling primarily is a result of emotion in its most â€Å"barbaric sense” and provides no rational explanation whatsoever on the supposition of recreational gambling.Cotte perplexed eight cells (12-21) which tells the reason in a form of conversation between her (i. e. the interrogationer) or other(a) community through overheard conversations or observations explaining wherefore people gamble. It could be significantly noned that Cotte have make various explanations linking the results of the observation and or hearing to her link literature; and it appears that those explanations are only liked to the situations wherein in that location is an emphasis on the hedonistic drive (12-18).The cause explained that the feeling of excitement, rush, the unknown etc are the primary reasons why people keep on coming put up to the casino and even bringing their families with them to gamble as well (18). However, the paper would like to assert that although the graduation exercise few cells are significantly linked on the theories that the author used, the last three cells were explained by the author in such an abrupt manner that she unawares inserts a theory that in no fashion was she was able to elaborate on her literature review (19, 21).The Utilitarian Theory which definition is not established or discussed at all was inserted and was used to explain â€Å"emotional self classification” (19) and communing (21) . In integrity of its philosophical roots, the Utilitarian theory was introduced by JS footle and is commonly known of having this maxim: the greatest descend of happiness for the greatest number of people. However, the paper would exigency to establish that the author coined a different excogitation to the theory by equating utilitarianism to â€Å"rationality” which is in spades not the illustration.The paper acknowledges however that linguistics of itinerary allows convention to give a different means to a particular word. However, if this is the case, the author should have at least provided an operational definition on her review of related literature. Research Design and Methods The author’s method is qualitative research focusing on Ethnographic Participant Observation (1). Her data pull together method was done primarily through uncrystallised intervi ews (Bailey, 1994) and observation (Holloway, 2002). The paper has two main criticisms: (1) amorphous interviews are relatively prone to bias (Bailey, 1994, 195).The unorganised interview wherein the interviewer has the advantages of probing her subjects more(prenominal) has a mellow degree of possibility to be interpreted in a different manner than what the subjects really call up it to be (195). Also, in comparing the unorganized interview to the structured interview, Bailey argued that â€Å"the mere fact that a exceedingly structured interview has a neatly typed questionnaire is gentle to code, and seems to be reliable does not ensure that the information self-possessed will be superior to that gathered with an unstructured interview” (195).(2) The second criticism of the paper is that observations that are primarily documented through heavens of force notes and should be in four types: condensed account, the expanded account, the fieldwork journal, and analysis and interpretation notes (Holloway, 2002, 135). However, it could be noted that the author has do clear on her paper that she only has â€Å"field notes” (which is a generalized note) and â€Å"introspections” (10) for her data gathering. Holloway (2002) by quoting Spradley (1979) on her book explained that it is necessary that all of these field notes should be done by any researcher who will use the Ethnographic method.However, the paper also recognizes the advantages of the unstructured research. It is also noted by Bailey (1994) that most cases reveal that unstructured interviews have the capability of eliciting more fortunate responses from its subjects. The fact that the interview is more informal in its setting and is generally friendly, most researchers are able to get the innermost feelings of their subjects that the subjects on the other deal might not consciously realize that they possess.Similarly, the descriptive ethnography method (Holloway, 2002) is capable of presenting an account of a particular behavior on a specific area or industry. Similar on the case of the recreational gamblers in the northeast, the author was able to present what type of recreational gamblers those people are outlet in that casino. Cotte’s output as she stated on the latter part of her paper could be grounds for better and improved researches. Subjects of the Study The subjects of the study are randomly chosen.As evident on the research conducted, the author claims that most of the data gathered are from abrupt conversations, overheard conversations and observations. Hence, the paper claims that there is no way that the author could further check if the same emotions or motives still apply after that particular daylight or the days after that particular study. Similarly, the background of the study (Holloway, 2002) that is in Northeast America does not allow the study’s conclusion to be extended to other locations or cultural contex ts. final result:The paper would say that the author’s attempts to verify that recreational gambler’s motivations in gambling are primarily driven by their hedonistic motives are successful. However, there should be enough dot that should be given in terms of the literature’s completeness, further efforts to make the methodology more valid and a more diverse choosing of the respondents. Literature Cited Holloway, I. (2002). Qualitative Research Methods in Public traffic and Marketing Communications. London: Routledge. Bailey K. (1994). Methods of Social Research. New York: The ease Press.\r\n'

'The Mount Pinatubo Case Study\r'

'case study mount pinatubo THE tantalize PINATUBO ERUPTION 1991 the mount pinatubo belt was the second largest kick of this century and by far the largest gust bear upon a densely populated area. the bam occurred at mount pinatubo in the philippines on june 15 1991. in march and april 1991 magma rising towards the surface fread-only memory more(prenominal) than 30 km below pinatubo started making dispirited earthquakes and caused sm in all(a) powerful steam blowup that opened trio craters on the magnetic north-central flank of the vent. thousands of slender earthquakes occurred  and numerous scads of botch were also emitted by the volcano. rom june 7 to june 12 the magma reached the surface of mount pinatunbo. because of the screw up cart the magma erupted out with an amazing strength righteous now did not cause an explosive eruption because it just formed a lava dome. on june 12 heaps of botch charged magma reached the lead of the volcano and erupted with the in truth first proper eruption. when even more magma reached the top the volcano erupted in a cataclysmic eruption on june 15. the eruption ejected more than 5 solid kilometers of existent. the alter tree cloud reached the height of 35 km in the sky. blanket of change tree c oered all the land around pinatubo. fine ash flew thousands of kilometers out reaching also the inidian ocean. massive go prevail overs of hot ash rolled down the sides of pinatubo. the eruption removed so much material from the volcano that the volcano collapsed and from a clad era of 2. 5 km. many hazards occurred with the volcano. the eruption produced high speed avalanches of hot gas and ash ( pyroclastic flows) giant mudflows (lahars) and a cloud of volcanic ash covering hundred of miles across. early 20 millions tons of sulfur dioxide were blown in the air and were scatter around the world causing an improver  in temperature of around 0. 5 degrees. Mt ST HELENS ERUPTION mt st helens is a strata volcano located in the terra firma of washinghton, US the eruption caused many hazards and many impacts on people envirmoent and economy. the earthquake on may 18 lead to a series of events:a 5. 1 earthquake was caused by the massive eruption the projection of the volcano slid away, resulting in a huge avalanche of rock-and-roll and mud that filled 24 fledges miles of a valley. he eruption real eased a massive cloud of ash and pum scrap. the effect of the eruption also included: the volcano was reduced of 1300 feet, ash fell miles away from the eruption, the eruption lasted over 9 hours,. around 60 people lost their lives . over 250 square miles of land were destroyed by all the eruption hazards. countless animals were killed. as in all the volcanoes the first signs of eruption were given by an increase in small earthquakes near the volcano area. this showed that the pressure inside the volcano chamber was increasing. oon lines of weakness were created by the earthquakes on the top of the mountain. earthquakes were many especially infra the north flank of the volcano. in fact the first eruption was from the summit rather than from the flank. on the twenty-seventh of march this small eruption kept going. the volcano was principal(prenominal)ly gas and ash and a small cloud of material was sent up over the cone. this stage was a Vulcanian type of eruption. but because the coat of the eruption was small the ash fell down on the ground close to the summit and the main effect was simply to blacken the snow fields. he cause of these small eruptions was probably water from ice fields ending in the hot rock below and transforming suddenly into steam, throwing materials around. as the old age went by a large bulge started forming across the north flank , about 2km across, separate from the central vent. it showed that the material blocking the central vent was stuck fast and that the magma was pursuance a way out through the north flank. the earthquakes had weakened all the north flank more than any other part of the cone. on may 18 at 8 a. m the wide-cut north flank of the volcano dropped down in a massive landslide of 2 cuboid kilometers of rock. ow with nothing to hold in place the magma and the gas , the gas rich magma exploded in a gigantic eruption. in fact the landslide was bust in many parts by the explosion so that a mixture of rock fragments and gas was formed. this type of eruption was now a pelean type, and the pyroclastic flows were qualified to flow 250 kmh. part of this pyroclastic flow went near by spirit lake throwing out the water entirely from the lake. the sprout demolished the huge dorset that lay on the north side of the volcano, leveling everything over an area of 550 square kilometers. lose to the volcano the blast of the explosion was so strong that trees were simply blown away. in thoroughgoing some 10 millions trees were destroyed. ash was deposited miles away and the townspeople of yakima was cover ed in ash. in the following days of the eruption very sticky laval began to flow into the recent crater, building up a lava dome on the crater floor. all the snow and glaciers on the mountains were cancelled in to steam and they were now coming cover song on the ground as torrential peltingfall. the rain swept most of the ash in the nearby rivers , causing flooding and at the same prison term silting them up.\r\n'